Enantiornithes
Enantiornithes is a group of extinct avialans ("birds" in the broad sense). They are the most abundant and diverse group known from the Mesozoic era.[2][3][4]
| Enantiornitheans | |
|---|---|
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| Fossil specimen of a bohaiornithid (Zhouornis hani) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Unrecognized taxon (fix): | Enantiornithes |
| Subgroups | |
Most had teeth and clawed fingers on each wing, but otherwise looked much like modern birds.[1] Over 80 species of enantiornitheans have been named, but some names represent only single bones, so probably not all are valid species.
Enantiornitheans became extinct at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, as did the hesperornithids and all other non-avian dinosaurs. The Enantiornithes are thought to have left no living descendants.
The name "Enantiornithes" means "opposite birds", from Ancient Greek enantios (ἐνάντιος) "opposite" + ornithes (όρνιθες) "birds" . The name was coined by Cyril Alexander Walker in a landmark paper which established the group.[5] In his paper, Walker explained what he meant by "opposite":
Perhaps the most fundamental and characteristic difference between the Enantiornithes and all other birds is in the nature of the articulation between the scapula [...] and the coracoid, where the 'normal' condition is completely reversed.[5]
This refers to an anatomical feature. The articulation of the shoulder bones has a concave-convex socket joint which is the reverse of the joint in modern birds.
Enantiornithes Media
A life restoration of Iberomesornis, a species of early Enantiornithes
A reconstruction of the skull of Bohaiornis, a bohaiornithid.
Mummified precocial bird wings in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (2016) fig. 1
Fossilized eggs of Gobipteryx minuta, Dinosaurium (Prague)
Artist's reconstruction of Yanornis martini
Silhouette of Protopteryx fengningensis.
Chiappeavis_magnapremaxillo
Life restoration of Longipteryx chaoyangensis, an enantiornithine bird which lived in China during the Early Cretaceous period, around 120 million years ago
Eoaluavis_life_restoration
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References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Wang X. et al. 2014 (2014). "Insights into the evolution of rachis dominated tail feathers from a new basal enantiornithine (Aves: Ornithothoraces)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 113 (3): 805–819. doi:10.1111/bij.12313. S2CID 49564213.
- ↑ Mesozoic birds : above the heads of dinosaurs. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. 2002. ISBN 0-520-20094-2. OCLC 47805081.
- ↑ Chiappe, Luis M. 2007 (2 February 2007). Glorified dinosaurs: the origin and early evolution of birds. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-24723-4.
- ↑ O'Connor, Jingmai K. et al. 2011 (2011). "Anatomy of the early Cretaceous enantiornithine bird Rapaxavis pani". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 56 (3): 463–75. doi:10.4202/app.2010.0047. S2CID 55311115.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Walker C.A. 1981 (1981). "New subclass of birds from the Cretaceous of South America". Nature. 292 (5818): 51–3. Bibcode:1981Natur.292...51W. doi:10.1038/292051a0. S2CID 4340858.