List of leaders of dependent territories

This page lists the main local rulers: rulers of dependencies and of the main administrative divisions (autonomous regions, insular or peninsular regions, successors of historical regions or regions with strong identity, regions in the news, etc.)

For national rulers, i.e. heads of state and heads of government (and, in certain cases, de facto leaders not occupying either of those formal positions or prime ministers who are not heads of government...) of the 194 states usually recognized like that (192 UN members + Vatican City + Taiwan), of 10 other national entities (quasi and unrecognized states), and of 7 in exile and/or alternative governments (only in exile governments that exercised power or succeeded governments that exercised power) :

Dependencies

Dependency Status Name Since
  Åland Governor Peter Lindbäck 1 Apr 1999
Lantråd Veronica Thörnroos 25 Nov 2019
  American Samoa Governor Lemanu Peleti Mauga 3 Jan 2021
  Anguilla Governor Andrew George 10 Jul 2006
Chief minister Ellis Webster 29 Jun 2020
  Aruba Governor Fredis Refunjol 11 May 2004
Prime minister Nelson Oduber [1] 30 Oct 2001
  Bermuda Governor Sir Richard Gozney 12 Dec 2007
Premier Edward David Burt 19 Jul 2017
  British Indian Ocean Territory Commissioner Leigh Turner Jul 2006
Administrator Tony Humphries Feb 2005
  British Sovereign Base Areas [2] Administrator Richard Lacey 26 Apr 2006
  British Virgin Islands Governor David Pearey Jul 2006
Premier Natalio Wheatley 5 May 2022
  Cayman Islands Governor Jane Owen 21 Apr 2023
Leader of government business Kurt Tibbetts [3] 23 Aug 2007
  Christmas Island Administrator Neil Lucas 30 Jan 2006
  Cocos Islands Administrator Neil Lucas 30 Jan 2006
  Cook Islands High commissioner John Bryan 2005
King's Representative Sir Tom Marsters 27 Jul 2013
Prime minister Mark Brown 1 Oct 2020
  Faroe Islands High commissioner Søren Christensen 1 Aug 2005
Prime minister Aksel V. Johannesen[4] 22 Dec 2022
  Falkland Islands Governor Nigel Haywood 16 Oct 2010
  French Polynesia High commissioner Éric Spitz 26 Sep 2022
President Oscar Temaru [5] 13 Sep 2007
  French Southern and Antarctic Lands Administrator-superior Éric Pilloton 10 Apr 2007
  Gibraltar Governor Sir David Steel 11 Jun 2020
Chief minister Fabian Picardo 9 Dec 2011
  Greenland High commissioner Søren Hald Møller 1 Apr 2005
Prime minister Múte Bourup Egede 23 Apr 2021
  Guam Governor Lou Leon Guerrero 6 Jan 2019
  Guernsey Lieutenant governor Sir Richard Cripwell 15 Feb 2022
Bailiff Richard McMahon 11 May 2020
Chief minister Mike Torode 5 Mar 2007
  Hong Kong Chief executive Donald Tsang [6] 24 Jun 2005
  Isle of Man Lieutenant governor Sir Paul Haddacks 17 Oct 2005
Chief minister Alfred Cannan 12 Oct 2021
  Jan Mayen Administrator [7] Åshild Hauan 1 Jan 1995
  Jersey Lieutenant governor Jerry Kyd 8 Oct 2022
Bailiff Sir Timothy Le Cocq 17 Oct 2019
Chief minister Frank Walker 5 Dec 2005
  Macau Chief executive Edmund Ho 20 Dec 1999
  Mayotte Prefect Vincent Bouvier 1 Feb 2007
President of the Departmental Council Ben Issa Ousseni 1 Jul 2021
  Montserrat Governor Peter Waterworth 27 Jul 2007
Chief minister Easton Taylor-Farrell 19 Nov 2019
  Netherlands Antilles Governor Frits Goedgedrag 1 Jul 2002
Chief minister Emily de Jongh-Elhage 26 Mar 2006
  New Caledonia High commissioner Yves Dassonville 25 Oct 2007
President of the Government Louis Mapou 22 Jul 2021
  Niue High commissioner Anton Ojala Feb 2006
Premier Dalton Tagelagi 11 Jun 2020
  Norfolk Island Administrator George Plant 1 Jun 2023
Chief minister Andre Neville Nobbs 28 Mar 2007
  Northern Mariana Islands Governor Arnold Palacios 9 Jan 2023
  Pitcairn Island Governor [8] Iona Thomas 3 Aug 2022
Mayor Simon Young [9] 1 Jan 2023
  Puerto Rico Governor Pedro Rafael Pierluisi[10] 2 Jan 2021
  Saint-Barthélemy Prefect [11] Dominique Lacroix 21 Mar 2007
President of the Territorial Council Bruno Magras [12] 15 Jul 2007
  Saint Helena Governor Andrew Gurr 11 Nov 2007
  Saint-Martin Prefect [13] Dominique Lacroix 21 Mar 2007
President of the Territorial Council Louis Constant Fleming 15 Jul 2007
  Saint-Pierre and Miquelon Prefect Yves Fauqueur 28 Aug 2006
President of the Territorial Council Stéphane Artano 31 Mar 2006
  South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Commissioner [14] Nigel Haywood 16 Oct 2010
  Svalbard Governor Per Sefland 1 Oct 2005
  Tokelau Administrator David Payton 17 Oct 2006
Head of government Kuresa Nasau [15] Feb 2007
  Turks and Caicos Islands Governor Richard Tauwhare 11 Jul 2005
Premier Michael Misick [16] 15 Aug 2003
  U.S. Virgin Islands Governor John deJongh 1 Jan 2007
  Wallis and Futuna Administrator-superior Richard Didier 14 aug 2006

Autonomous regions and particular administrative divisions - A-L

Division Status Name Since
  Abu Dhabi Ruler Sheikh Khalifa ibn Zaid Al Nahayan 2 Nov 2004
  Aceh Governor Irwandi Yusuf 8 Feb 2007
  Adygeya President Aslan Tkhakushinov 13 Jan 2007
Prime minister Vladimir Samozhenkov [17] 15 Jan 2007
  Adjara Chairman of the Supreme Council Mikheil Makharadze 20 Jul 2004
Premier ministre Levan Varshalomidze [18] 20 Jul 2004
  Ajman Ruler Sheikh Humayd ibn Rashid Al Nuaimi 6 sep 1981
  Alaska Governor Sean Parnell 4 Dec 2006
  Altai Republic Head of the Republic Aleksandr Berdnikov 20 Jan 2006
  Andalusia President of the Junta Manuel Chaves González 27 Jul 1990
  Anjouan President Mohamed Bacar [19] 30 Jun 2007
  Aosta Valley President Luciano Caveri 4 Jul 2005
  Arizona Governor Janet Napolitano 6 Jan 2003
23x15px Athos Spiritual leader Vartholomaios I [20] 2 Oct 1991
  Azores Representative of the Republic José António Mesquita 30 Mar 2006
President of the Government Carlos César 9 Nov 1996
  Balearic Islands President of the Government Francesc Antich i Oliver [21] 6 Jul 2007
  Bali Governor Dewa Beratha 1998
  Barbuda Chairman of the Barbuda Council Fabian Jones [22] 9 Jan 2008
  Bashkortostan President Murtaza Rakhimov [23] 7 Apr 1990
Prime minister Rafael Baidavletov 12 Jan 1999
  Basque Country President of the Lehendakaris Juan José Ibarretxe 2 Jan 1999
  Bavaria Minister-president Günther Beckstein 9 Octobre 2007
  Beni Governor Ernesto Suárez 2006
  Bougainville President Joseph Kabui 15 Jun 2005
  Brcko International supervisor Raffi Gregorian (U.S.) 1 Oct 2006
Mayor Mirsad Djapo 8 Dec 2004
  Brussels-Capital Governor Véronique Paulus de Châtelet 22 Dec 1998
Minister-president Charles Picqué [24] 19 Jul 2004
  Buganda kingdom King Ronald Muwenda Mutebi II 24 Jul 1993
Prime minister Emmanuel Ssendaula (interim) 13 Feb 2007
  Buryatia President Vyacheslav Nagovitsyn 10 Jul 2007
  Cabinda Governor José Anibal Rochas Apr 2002
  California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger 17 Nov 2003
  Canary Islands President of the Government Paulino Rivero Baute 13 Jul 2007
  Caprivi Governor Bernard Sibalatani 2003 ?
  Catalonia President of the Generalitat José Montilla Aguilera 28 Nov 2006
  Ceuta President Juan Jesús Vivas Lara 7 Feb 2001
  Chatham Islands Mayor Pat Smith 2004 ?
  Chechnya President Ramzan Kadyrov [25] 15 Feb 2007
Prime minister Odes Baisultanov 10 Apr 2007
  Chukotka Governor Roman Abramovich 17 Jan 2001
  Chuvashia President Nikolay Fyodorov 21 Jan 1994
Prime minister Sergey Gaplikov [26] 23 Apr 2004
  Cornwall Chairman of the County Council Doris Martyna Ansari 2005
Leader of the County Council David Whalley 2005
  Corsica President of the Corsican Assembly Camille de Rocca-Serra 1 Apr 2004
President of the Executive Council Ange Santini 4 Apr 2004
  Crete Secretary-general Serafeim Tsokas 7 Apr 2004
  Crimea President Anatoliy Hrytsenko [27] 12 May 2006
Prime minister Viktor Plakida 2 Jun 2006
  Dagestan President Mukhu Aliyev 20 Feb 2006
Prime minister Shamil Zaynalov 6 Mar 2006
  Darfur President of the TDRA Minni Minnawi 2007
  Dubai Ruler Sheikh Muhammad ibn Rashid Al Maktum 4 Jan 2006
  Federation of Bosnia and Hercegovina President Borjana Kristo 22 Feb 2007
Prime minister Nedzad Brankovic [28] 30 Mar 2007
  Flanders Minister-president Kris Peeters 28 Jun 2007
  Florida Governor Charlie Crist 2 Jan 2007
  French Guiana Prefect Jean-Pierre Laflaquière 28 Aug 2006
President of the Regional Council Antoine Karam 29 Mar 1992
President of the General Council Pierre Désert 4 Apr 2004
  Italy Friuli-Venezia Giulia President Riccardo Illy 16 Jun 2003
  Fujairah Ruler Sheikh Hamad ibn Muhammad ash-Sharqi 18 Sep 1974
  Futuna Ruler Soane Patita Maituku 21 Nov 2002
Prime minister Lukano Mataele 2006 ?
  Gagauzia President Mihail Formuzal 29 Dec 2006
  Galápagos Governor Galo Salomón Herrera Estrella 18 Jan 2007
  Galicia President of the Xunta Emilio Pérez Touriño 2 Aug 2005
  Gorno-Badakshan Chairman of the administration Kodir Kosimov [29] 25 Nov 2006
  Gotland Governor Marianne Samuelsson 2004
  Grande Comore President Mohamed Abdoulwahab 30 Jun 2007
  Guadeloupe Prefect Emmanuel Berthier 5 Nov 2007
President of the Regional Council Victorin Lurel 2 Apr 2004
President of the General Council Jacques Gillot 23 Mar 2001
  Guangxi Chairman of the government Lu Bing [30] 1 Apr 2003
  Hainan Governor Wei Liucheng 22 Oct 2003
  Hatay Governor Abdülkadir Sarı 2003
  Hawaii Governor Linda Lingle 2 Dec 2002
  Hiiumaa Governor Hannes Maasel 2004
  Hokkaido Governor Harumi Takahashi 23 Apr 2003
  Ingushetia President Murat Zyazikov 23 May 2002
Prime minister Ibragim Malsagov 30 Jun 2005
  Inner Mongolia Chairman of the government Yang Jing [31] 3 Apr 2003
  Indian Occupied Kashmir Governor S.K. Sinha 4 Jun 2003
Prime minister Ghulam Nabi Azad 2 Nov 2005
  Jeju-do Governor Kim Tae-hwan Jun 2004
  Jewish Autonomous Oblast Head of the administration Nikolay Volkov 14 Dec 1991
  Kabardino-Balkariya President Arsen Kanokov 28 Sep 2005
Prime minister Andrey Yarin 22 Jun 2006
  Kaliningrad Head of the administration Georgy Boos 28 Sep 2005
  Kalmykia Head of the Republic Kirsan Ilyumzhinov 23 Apr 1993
Prime minister Vladimir Sengleyev [32] 5 Dec 2007
  Kamchatka Krai Governor Aleksey Kuzmitsky [33] 2 Jul 2007
  Karachayevo-Cherkessia President Mustafa Batdyev 4 Sep 2003
Prime minister Alik Kardanov [34] 19 Jan 2005
  Karakalpakstan Chairman of parliament Musa Erniyazov 3 May 2002
Prime minister Bakhodir Yangiboyev 3 Mar 2006
  Karelia Head of the Republic Sergey Katanandov [35] 17 May 1998
Prime minister Pavel Chernov 1 Jan 2003
  Khakassia President Aleksey Lebed 9 Jan 1997
  Komi Republic Head of the Republic Vladimir Torlopov 15 Jan 2002
  Kurdistan (autonomous region) President Massoud Barzani [36] 14 Jun 2005
Prime minister Nechirvan Barzani [37] Jun 2005

Autonomous regions and particular administrative divisions - M-Z

Division Status Name Since
  Madeira Representative of the Republic Monteiro Diniz [38] 7 Oct 1997
President of the Government Alberto João Jardim 17 Mar 1978
  Mari El President Leonid Markelov 14 Jan 2001
  Martinique Prefect Ange Mancini 2 Aug 2007
President of the Regional Council Alfred Marie-Jeanne 20 Mar 1998
President of the General Council Claude Lise Apr 1992
  Melilla President Juan José Imbroda Ortiz 19 Jul 2000
  Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao President Zaldy Ampatuan 30 Sep 2005
  Mohéli President Mohamed Ali Said 1 Jul 2007
  Mordovia Head of the Republic Nikolay Merkushkin [39] 24 Jan 1995
Prime minister Vladimir Volkov Oct 1995
  Mustang King 'Jigs-med-rdo-rje-dgra-'dul 1964
  Nakhichevan Chairman of the Parliament Vasif Yusuf ogly Talybov 2 Jul 1993
Chairman of the Council of Ministers Alovsat Gazanfar ogly Bakhshiev 2000
  Nenets Autonomous Okrug Governor Valery Potapenko [40] 2 Jun 2006
  Nevis Deputy governor-general Eustace John 1992
Premier Joseph Parry 11 Jul 2006
  New York Governor David Paterson 17 Mar 2008
  Ningxia Chairman of the government Ma Qizhi [41] Dec 1997
  Nord-Kivu Governor Julien Paluku Kahongya 24 Feb 2007
  North Atlantic
Autonomous Region
Governor Reynaldo Francis Watson 4 May 2006
  Northern Ireland First minister Ian Paisley 8 May 2007
  North Ossetia-Alania Head of the Republic Taimuraz Mamsurov 7 Jun 2005
Prime minister Nikolay Khlyntsov 6 Sep 2006
  Nunavut Commissionner Ann Meekitjuk Hanson 21 Apr 2005
Prime minister Paul Okalik 1 Apr 1999
  Okinawa Governor Hirokazu Nakaima 10 Dec 2006
  Pando Governor Leopoldo Fernández 2006
  Príncipe President of the Regional Government José Cassandra 5 Oct 2006
  Quebec Lieutenant governor Pierre Duchesne 7 Jun 2007
Premier Jean Charest 29 Apr 2003
  Ras al-Khaimah Ruler Sheikh Saqr ibn Muhammad al-Qasimi Feb 1948
Sheikh Saud ibn Saqr al-Qasimi (de facto ruler) 14 Jun 2003
  Republika Srpska President Rajko Kuzmanovic 28 Dec 2007
Prime minister Milorad Dodik [42] 28 Feb 2006
  Réunion Prefect Pierre-Henry Maccioni 28 Aug 2006
President of the Regional Council Paul Vergès 23 Mar 1998
President of the General Council Nassimah Dindar 1 Apr 2004
  Rodrigues Chief commissioner Johnson Roussety 4 Aug 2006
Chief executive Jean-Claude Pierre-Louis 24 Oct 2004
  Saaremaa Governor Toomas Kasemaa 24 Jul 2006
  Sabah Governor Ahmadshah Abdullah 1 Jan 2003
Chief minister Musa Aman 27 Mar 2003
  Sakha President Vyacheslav Shtyrov 27 Jan 2002
Prime minister Yegor Borisov 6 Feb 2003
  Sakhalin Governor Aleksandr Khoroshavin [43] 7 Aug 2007
  San Andrés y Providencia Governor Pedro Gallardo Forbes 1 Jan 2008
  Santa Cruz Governor Rubén Costas Aguilera 2006
  Sarawak Governor Abang Muhammad Salahuddin 4 Dec 2000
Chief minister Abdul Taib Mahmud 26 Mar 1981
  Sardinia President Renato Soru 26 Jun 2004
  Scotland First minister Alex Salmond 17 May 2007
  Sharjah Ruler Sheikh Sultan ibn Muhammad al-Qasimi [44] 23 Jun 1987
  Sicily President Salvatore Cuffaro 11 Jul 2001
  Sikkim Governor Sudarshan Agarwal 25 Oct 2007
Prime minister Pawan Chamling 12 Dec 1994
  South Atlantic Autonomous Region Governor Paulo Santos Avendaño Zapata 4 May 2006
  Southern Sudan President of the Government Salva Kiir 11 Aug 2005
  Tarija Governor Mario Cossío 2006
  Tasmania Governor William Cox [45] 15 Dec 2004
Premier Paul Lennon [46] 23 Feb 2004
  Tatarstan President Mintimer Shaimiyev [47] 11 Apr 1990
Prime minister Rustam Minnikhanov 10 Jul 1998
  Texas Governor Rick Perry 21 Dec 2000
  Tibet Autonomous Region Chairman of the government Jampa Phuntsok 16 May 2003
  Tierra del Fuego Governor Fabiana Ríos 17 Dec 2007
  Tobago Chief secretary of the House of Assembly Orville London 1 Feb 2001
  Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol President Lorenzo Dellai 23 May 2006
  Tuva Chairman of the government Sholban Kara-ool 6 Apr 2007
  Udmurtia President Aleksandr Volkov [48] 19 Apr 1995
Prime minister Yury Pitkevich [49] Oct 2000
  Umm al-Quwain Ruler Sheikh Rashid ibn Ahmad Al Mu`alla 21 feb 1981
  Vojvodina President of the Assembly Bojan Kostres 30 Oct 2004
Chairman of the Executive Council Bojan Pajtic 30 Oct 2004
  Wales First minister Rhodri Morgan [50] 9 feb 2000
  Wallonia Minister-president Rudy Demotte 20 Jul 2007
  Xinjiang Governor Ismail Tiliwaldi Jan 2003
  Yogyakarta Governor Hamengku Buwono X 7 Mar 1989
  Zanzibar President Ali Mohamed Shein 3 November 2010

Uncertain status autonomous regions

Region Status Name Since
  Azad Kashmir President Raja Zulqarnain Khan 25 Aug 2006
Prime minister Sardar Attique Ahmed Khan 24 Jul 2006
  Galmudug President Mohamed Warsame Ali "Kiimiko" 14 Aug 2006
  Maakhir President Jibrell Ali Salad 1 Jul 2007
  Puntland President Abdirahman Mohamed Farole 8 Jan 2009

Autonomous subdivisions, etc.

Subdivision Status Name Since
  Alderney President of the States of Alderney Sir Norman Browse 19 Jan 2002
  Alo Ruler Soane Patita Maituku 21 Nov 2002
Prime minister Lukano Mataele 2006 ?
  Ascension Administrator Michael Hill Sep 2005
  Bolzano-Bozen autonomous province President Luis Durnwalder 17 Mar 1989
  Bonaire Administrator Herbert Filomeno Domacassé 2 Dec 2003
  Bornhom Mayor Bjarne Kristiansen 1 Jan 2006
  Brechou Tenant Sir David Barclay 1993
  Curaçao Administrator Lizanne Richards-Dindial 2000
  Herm Tenants Adrian Heyworth 1998
Pennie Heyworth 1998
  Jethou Seigneur Sir Peter Ogden 1994
  Saba Administrator Sydney A.E. Sorton [51] 1 Apr 2006
  Sark Seigneur Sir Michael Beaumont 14 Jul 1974
  Sigave Ruler Visesio Moeliku 10 Mar 2004
Prime minister Lusiano Soko 2006 ?
  Sint Eustatius Administrator Hyden C.I. Gittens 1 Jan 2004
  Sint Maarten Administrator Franklyn E. Richards 22 Sep 2000
Leader of the Government Sarah Wescott-Williams 1 Jul 1999
  Trento autonomous province President Lorenzo Dellai 24 Feb 1999
  Tristan da Cunha Chief islander Conrad Glass Mar 2007
Administrator David Morley 30 sep 2007
  `Uvea (Wallis) Ruler (vacant) 7 May 2007
Prime minister Kapeliele Faupala 2 Mar 2004
Clovis Logologofolau [52] 15 Jun 2005
  Val d'Aran Syndic Francesc Xavier Boya i Alós 18 Jun 2007

List Of Leaders Of Dependent Territories Media

Notes

  1. Previously prime minister from 9 Feb 1989 to 29 Jul 1994
  2. Akrotiri and Dhekelia.
  3. Previously from 21 Nov 2000 to 8 Nov 2001.
  4. Previously from 15 Sep 2015 to 16 Sep 2019.
  5. Previously from 14 Jun to 23 Oct 2004 and from 3 Mar 2005 to 26 Dec 2006.
  6. Previously acting chief executive from 12 Mar to 1 Jun 2005.
  7. Since 1 Jan 1995, Jan Mayen is administered by the governor of Nordland county.
  8. The British high commissioner to New Zealand.
  9. Previously Deputy Mayor from 1 Jan 2010 to 31 Dec 2013.
  10. Previously from 2 Aug to 7 Aug 2019.
  11. Delegated to the prefect of Guadeloupe, who from 9 Jul 2007 is also state representative in Saint-Barthélemy.
  12. Mayor from Jun 1995 to 15 Jul 2007.
  13. Delegated to the prefect of Guadeloupe, who from 9 Jul 2007 is also state representative in Saint-Martin.
  14. Since 3 Oct 1985, the governor of the Falkland Islands.
  15. Previously from 1992 to Feb 1993, from Feb 1995 to Feb 1996, from Feb 1998 to Feb 1999, and from Feb 2001 to Feb 2002.
  16. Chief minister to 9 Aug 2006.
  17. Acting to 17 Jan 2007.
  18. Previously Chairman of the Interim Council from 7 May 2004 to 20 Jul 2004.
  19. Previously from 14 Apr 2002 to 26 Apr 2007.
  20. "Interim" to 22 Oct 1991.
  21. Previously from 27 Jul 1999 to 27 Jun 2003.
  22. Previously from 2001 to 2005.
  23. Chairman Supreme Council to Dec 1993.
  24. Previously from 12 Jul 1989 to 15 Jul 1999
  25. Acting to 5 Apr 2007.
  26. Acting to 27 Apr 2004.
  27. Previously from 13 Feb 1997 to 14 May 1998.
  28. Previously from 22 Mar 2007 to 23 Mar 2007.
  29. Acting to 12 Feb 2007.
  30. Acting to Jan 2004.
  31. Acting to 14 Jan 2004.
  32. Acting to 12 Dec 2007.
  33. Acting governor of Kamchatka Oblast from 23 May to 30 Jun 2007.
  34. Acting to 28 Jan 2005. Previously from 27 Oct 2000 to 6 Sep 2003.
  35. Chairman of the government to 12 May 2002.
  36. Previously de facto ruler of the Government of the Kurdish Democratic Party (31 Aug 1996 - Jun 2005).
  37. Previously prime minister of the Government of the Kurdish Democratic Party (20 Dec 1999 - Jun 2005).
  38. Minister of the Republic to 30 Mar 2006.
  39. Chairman State Council to 22 Sep 1995.
  40. Acting to 7 Aug 2006.
  41. Acting to May 1998.
  42. Previously from 31 Jan 1998 to 16 Jan 2001.
  43. Acting to 11 Aug 2007.
  44. Previously from 1972 to 17 Jun 1987.
  45. Previously from acting governor from 9 Aug to 3 Dec 2004.
  46. Acting to 21 Mar 2004.
  47. Chairman Supreme Council to Jun 1991.
  48. Chairman State Council to 3 Nov 2000.
  49. Acting to 28 Nov 2000.
  50. Acting to 15 Feb 2000.
  51. Previously from Nov 1989 to 19 Nov 1998.
  52. In opposition, recognized by the administrator-superior from late Jul to 26 Sep 2005; continues in exile in Nouméa, New Caledonia, from late Sep 2005.

References