Tatar language
The Tatar language is a Turkic language that is spoken by the Tatar people, and is the official language of the Republic of Tatarstan in Russia.
| Tatar | |
|---|---|
| татар теле | |
| Native to | Russia, other post-Soviet states |
| Ethnicity | Tatars |
| Native speakers | 6.5 million (2002)[1] |
| Language family | |
| Writing system | Cyrillic |
| Official status | |
| Official language in | Tatarstan (Russia) |
| Regulated by | Institute of Language, Literature and Arts of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | tt |
| ISO 639-2 | tat |
| ISO 639-3 | tat |
Alphabets
Like many other Turkic languages, different alphabets are used to write the Tatar language.
Cyrillic
In Russia, the Tatar alphabet is Cyrillic by a federal government law passed in 2002. It has 39 letters, of which 33 are the same as in Russian. The other 6 (and their positions in the alphabet) are:
Latin
In 2001, the government of the Republic of Tatarstan created a Latin alphabet for the Tatar language called Zamanälif. But the next year, the federal government did not allow it to be made official. The Zamanälif alphabet has these 35 letters:
A, Ä, B, C, Ç, D, E, F, G, Ğ, H, I, İ, Í, J, K, L, M, N, Ñ, O, Ö, P, Q, R, S, Ş, T, U, Ü, V, W, X, Y, Z
Yañalif
There was another Latin alphabet for Tatar called Jaьjalif, Yangalif or Yañalif (Tatar: jaьja əlifba/yaña älifba → jaьjalif/yañalif, Cyrillic: Яңалиф, "new alphabet") which is the first Latin alphabet used during the latinisation in the Soviet Union in the 1930s for the Turkic languages. It replaced the Yaña imlâ Arabic script-based alphabet in 1928, and was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet in 1938–1940. After their own independence in 1991, several former Soviet states in Central Asia switched back to Latin script, with some differences to Jaьjalif.
| Yañalif
jaьja əlifba | |
|---|---|
| Script type | Alphabet |
| Creator | Many, mostly during the Latinisation in the Soviet Union |
| Time period | 1924-1940 |
| Languages | Turkic languages |
| Related scripts | |
| Parent systems | Egyptian hieroglyphs
|
| Sister systems | Unified Northern Alphabet |
There are 33 letters in Jaьjalif, nine of which are vowels. The apostrophe (') is used for the glottal stop (həmzə or hämzä) and is sometimes thought of as a letter for the purposes of alphabetic sorting. Other characters may also be used in spelling foreign names. The lowercase form of the letter B is ʙ (small caps B), to prevent confusion with Ь ь (I with bowl). Letter No. 33, similar to Zhuang Ƅ, is not currently available as a Latin letter in Unicode, but it looks exactly like Cyrillic soft sign (Ь). Capital Ə (schwa) also looks like Russian/Cyrillic Э in some fonts. There is also a digraph in Jaьjalif (Ьj ьj).
Arabic
There have been two Arabic alphabets used to write Tatar: İske imlâ and Yaña imlâ. İske imlâ is the older of the two and was used until 1920, when it was changed to become Yaña imlâ and remained in use until it was replaced by the Latin Yañalif alphabet. However, Tatars in China still use İske imlâ.
Since 2012, it is possible for people and organizations to write to the Tatarstan government in either the Latin or Arabic scripts, but the government has to answer in Cyrillic.
Tatar Language Media
Tatar book written in the Arabic script entitled Ancient Bulgars.
Bilingual guide in Kazan Metro
A subway sign in Tatar (top) and Russian
Tatar vowel formants F1 and F2
Tatar Latin (Jaꞑalif) and Arabic scripts, 1927
Tatar sign on a madrasah in Nizhny Novgorod, written in both Arabic and Cyrillic Tatar scripts
Kazan Tatar and Crimean Tatar compare their native languages (2022).
References
- ↑ Tatar at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009)
 |
This language has its own Wikipedia project. See the Tatar language edition. |
