Václav Havel

Václav Havel (Czech pronunciation: [ˈvaːtslaf ˈɦavɛl]  (Speaker Icon.svg listen)), 5 October 1936–18 December 2011, was a Czech playwright, essayist, dissident and politician. He was the tenth and last President of Czechoslovakia (1989–92). He then became the first President of the Czech Republic (1993–2003). He wrote more than twenty plays and many non-fiction works. Many of them were translated into multiple languages.

Václav Havel
Vaclav Havel cropped.jpg
1st President of the Czech Republic
In office
2 February 1993 – 2 February 2003
Prime MinisterVáclav Klaus
Josef Tošovský
Miloš Zeman
Vladimír Špidla
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byVáclav Klaus
10th President of Czechoslovakia
In office
29 December 1989 – 20 July 1992
Prime MinisterMarián Čalfa
Jan Stráský
Preceded byGustáv Husák
Succeeded byJan Stráský (acting)
Personal details
Born(1936-10-05)5 October 1936
Prague, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic)
Died18 December 2011(2011-12-18) (aged 75)
Hrádeček, Czech Republic
Political partyCivic Forum
Spouse(s)Olga Šplíchalová (1964–1996, her death)
Dagmar Veškrnová (1997–2011, his death)
Alma materCzech Technical University in Prague
Faculty of Theatre
ProfessionPlaywright
Signature
Websitewww.vaclavhavel.cz
www.vaclavhavel-library.org

Beginning in the 1960s, Havel mostly wrote about the politics of Czechoslovakia. After the Prague Spring, he became more and more active against the government. In 1977, he became famous internationally for his work on the human rights manifesto, Charter 77. He became known as a leader of the opposition in Czechoslovakia. He was also sent to prison for these activities. The 1989, Havel became president during the "Velvet Revolution". As president, he led Czechoslovakia and later the Czech Republic to an open democracy with several political parties. His country changed greatly during the thirteen years he was president. The Czech Republic separated from Slovakia, even though Havel was against separation. The Czech Republic also joined NATO and started negotiating membership in the European Union. The country became a member of the EU in 2004. He was one of the first people to sign the Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism.[1]

Early life

Václav Havel was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia on 5 October 1936. He grew up in a well-known and wealthy entrepreneurial and intellectual family. His family was active in culture and politics in Czechoslovakia from the 1920s to the 1940s. His father owned part of the suburb of Barrandov. This is the highest part of Prague. Havel's mother came from a well-known family. Her father was an ambassador and journalist. Havel completed his required education in 1951. However, the Communist government did not allow him to continue to study formally because of his bourgeois family background.

In the early 1950s, the young Havel entered a four-year apprenticeship as a chemical laboratory assistant. He took evening classes at the same time and completed secondary education in 1954. None of the colleges or universities with humanities programs would accept Havel for political reasons. So, he chose to study at the Faculty of Economics of Czech Technical University in Prague. He dropped out after two years.[2] In 1964, Havel married Olga Šplíchalová. His mother was against the marriage.[3]

Presidency

 
Václav Havel and Karol Sidon (left), his friend and later chief Czech rabbi
 
Flag of the president of the Czech Republic

Havel was already leader of the Civic Forum, and on 29 December 1989, he became president. He left office after his second term as Czech president ended on 2 February 2003. Every member of the Federal Assembly voted to make him president. This was a surprising change because Havel had always said that he was not interested in politics. He and other dissidents had said that change should come from groups of people directly, not from the government.[4][5]

Czechoslovakia had free elections in 1990. Havel won and continued to be president. Havel wanted to keep the federation of the Czechs and the Slovaks together during the breakup of Czechoslovakia. He supported keeping the country together even though this was difficult and there was a lot of pressure. On 3 July 1992 the federal parliament did not elect Havel — the only candidate — because Slovak MPs did not support him. Havel resigned as president on 20 July after the Slovaks issued their Declaration of Independence. He stood for election as president of the new Czech Republic in 1993. He won and became president of this new, separate country.

Havel was quite popular throughout his career. However, some of his actions caused controversy and criticism. One of his first acts as a president was to pardon many people. He wanted to reduce the number of people in overcrowded prisons and release people who had been put in prison during the Communist era even though they were innocent. He did not trust the decisions of a corrupt court of the previous government. He thought the courts had been unfair to most people in prison.[6] Critics said that this amnesty caused more crime. In his memoir, To the Castle and Back, Havel wrote that most of the people he released had less than a year left to stay in prison. Statistics about this are not clear.

Havel said that the most important thing he did as president was breaking up the Warsaw Pact. Ending this group of countries was very complicated because the association was a deep part of how the countries worked. It took two years before the Soviet troops finally left Czechoslovakia completely.

Havel was very important to changing NATO. He helped change it from an anti-Warsaw Pact alliance to a group that includes former-Warsaw Pact members. Havel spoke very strongly for expanding of the military alliance into Eastern Europe, including the Czech Republic.[7][8]

 
Václav Havel (2010)
 
In memory of Václav Havel – Prague Dec.19th, 2011

Awards

He has received many awards, including:

State awards

Country Awards[9] Date Place
  Argentina Order of the Liberator San Martin Collar 09/1996 Buenos Aires
  Austria Decoration for Science and Art 11/2005 Vienna
  Brazil Order of the Southern Cross Grand Collar
Order of Rio Branco Grand Cross
10/1990
09/1996
Prague
Brasília
  Canada Order of Canada Honorary Companion 03/2004 Prague
  Czech Republic Order of the White Lion 1st Class (Civil Division) with Collar Chain
Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk 1st Class
10/2003 Prague
  Estonia Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana The Collar of the Cross 04/1996 Tallinn
  France Légion d'honneur Grand Cross
Order of Arts and Letters Commander
03/1990
02/2001
Paris
  Germany Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Special class of the Grand Cross 05/2000 Berlin
  Hungary Order of Merit of Hungary Grand Cross with Chain 09/2001 Prague
  India Gandhi Peace Prize 08/2003 Delhi
  Italy Order of Merit of the Italian Republic Grand Cross with Cordon 04/2002 Rome
  Jordan Order of Hussein ibn' Ali Collar 09/1997 Amman
  Latvia Order of the Three Stars Grand Cross with Collar 08/1999 Prague
  Lithuania Order of Vytautas the Great Grand Cross 09/1999 Prague
  Poland Order of the White Eagle 10/1993 Warsaw
  Portugal Order of Liberty Grand Collar 12/1990 Lisbon
  Republic of China Order of Brilliant Star with Special Grand Cordon 11/2004 Taipei
  Slovakia Order of the White Double Cross 01/2003 Bratislava
  Slovenia The Golden honorary Medal of Freedom 11/1993 Ljubljana
  Spain Order of Isabella the Catholic Grand Cross with Collar 07/1995 Prague
  Turkey National Decoration of Republic of Turkey 10/2000 Ankara
  Ukraine Order of Yaroslav the Wise 10/2006 Prague
  United Kingdom Order of the Bath Knight Grand Cross (Civil Division) 03/1996 Prague
  USA Presidential Medal of Freedom 07/2003 Washington D.C.
  Uruguay Medal of the Republic 09/1996 Montevideo

Works

 
Havel with American poet, Hedwig Gorski

Collections of poetry

  • Čtyři rané básně
  • Záchvěvy I & II, 1954
  • První úpisy, 1955
  • Prostory a časy (poesie), 1956
  • Na okraji jara (cyklus básní), 1956
  • Anticodes, (Antikódy)

Plays

Non-fiction books

Václav Havel Media

References

  1. "Prague Declaration - Declaration Text". 3 June 2008. Archived from the original on 29 September 2008. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
  2. Vaclav Havel — Biography. The official website of Vaclav Havel. Retrieved 4 June 2008.
  3. David Remnick, "Exit Havel", The New Yorker 10 February 2003, accessed 29 April 2007., http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/vhavel.htm Archived 2008-01-04 at the Wayback Machine. Petri Liukkonen (author) & Ari Pesonen. Kuusankosken kaupunginkirjasto 2008. 4 December 2008.
  4. Stanger, Richard L. "Václav Havel: Heir to a Spiritual Legacy" Archived 2005-08-27 at the Wayback Machine. The Christian Century (Christian Century Foundation), 11 April 1990: 368–370. Rpt. in religion-online.org ("with permission"; "prepared for Religion Online by Ted & Winnie Brock"). ["Richard L. Stanger is senior minister at Plymouth Church of the Pilgrims in Brooklyn, New York."]
  5. Tucker, Scott. "Capitalism with a Human Face?". The Humanist (American Humanist Association), 1 May 1994, "Our Queer World". Rpt. in High Beam Encyclopedia (an online encyclopedia). Accessed 21 December 2007. ["Vaclav Havel's philosophy and musings."]
  6. Havel's New Year's address
  7. Václav Havel, "NATO: The Safeguard of Stability and Peace In the Euro-Atlantic Region", in European Security: Beginning a New Century, eds. General George A. Joulwan & Roger Weissinger-Baylon, papers from the XIIIth NATO Workshop: On Political-Military Decision Making, Warsaw, Poland, 19–23 June 1996.
  8. Žižek, Slavoj. "Attempts to Escape the Logic of Capitalism" Archived 2009-04-15 at the Wayback Machine. Book review of Vaclav Havel: A Political Tragedy in Six Acts, by John Keane. the London Review of Books, 28 October 1999. Retrieved 21 December 2007.
  9. "State Decorations". Retrieved 17 August 2010.