Match
A match is a tool for making fire under controlled circumstances. Most often, it is a small piece of wood, or hardened paper. At one end, the match is coated with a material that will ignite from friction. The lighting end of a match is known as the match "head". It either contains an oxidizing agent such as potassium chlorate, mixed with sulfur, fillers and glass powder as the active ingredient and gelatin as a binder. Matches are sold in multiples, packaged together either in a box, or in matchbooks. There are two main types of matches: safety matches, which can be struck only against a specially prepared surface; and strike-anywhere matches, for which any suitably frictional surface can be used.
There are also electric matches, which use electricity and not friction to produce a fire.
Early matches
Matches that used sulfur were mentioned by Martial in ancient Rome. He called them sulphurata.[1]
Around the year 1530, Matches appeared in Europe. The first modern, self-igniting match was invented in 1805 by K. Chancel, assistant to Professor Louis Jacques Thénard of Paris, though. The head of the match was made of a mixture of potassium chlorate, sulfur, sugar, and rubber. They were ignited by dipping the tip of the match in a small asbestos bottle filled with sulfuric acid. This kind of match was quite expensive and its usage was dangerous, so Chancel's matches never gained much popularity.
Special-purpose matches
Storm matches, also known as lifeboat matches or flare matches, have an easy to strike tip like a normal match, but much of the stick is coated with a combustible compound which will keep burning even in a strong wind. They have a wax coating to make them waterproof. They are a component of many survival kits. This particular match was used in the first mass-produced Molotov cocktails.
"Bengal matches" are actually small hand-held fireworks akin to sparklers. They are similar to storm matches in form, but they include compounds of strontium or barium in the compound on the stick to produce a red or green flame respectively.
Match Media
The Alchemist in Search of the Philosophers Stone (1771), by Joseph Wright, depicting Hennig Brand discovering phosphorus.
Sulfur-head matches, 1828, lit by dipping into a bottle of phosphorus
A tin "Congreves" matchbox (1827), produced by John Walker, inventor of the friction match.
Match container, c. 1875
The New York Times report dated 29 January 1911
Jönköpings safety match industry, 1872
Old match factory in Itkonniemi, Kuopio, Finland
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References
Related pages
Other websites
- "History of Chemical Matches". Chemistry.about.com. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2005.
- "The History of Matches". Inventors.about.com. Retrieved November 11, 2005.[dead link]
- "History of matchbooks". Matchcovers.com/first100.htm. Archived from the original on February 16, 2006. Retrieved January 21, 2006.
- "The Rathkamp Matchcover Society". Matchcover.org. Retrieved January 21, 2006.
- A site Archived 2009-05-12 at the Wayback Machine demonstrating jet propulsion using matches and foil