Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia,[a] (Armenian: Կիլիկիայի հայկական թագավորություն, romanized: Kilikiayi haykakan t’agavorut’yun) was an Armenian state formed during the High Middle Ages by Armenian refugees fleeing the Seljuk invasion of Armenia.
Armenian Principality of Cilicia
(1080–1198) Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (1198–1375) Կիլիկիոյ Հայոց Թագաւորութիւն | |
|---|---|
| 1080–1375 | |
| File:Cilician Armenia-en.svg | |
| Status | Principality, Kingdom |
| Capital | Tarson (1080–1198) Sis (1198–1375) |
| Common languages | Armenian (native language), Latin, Old French, Greek, Syriac |
| Religion | Christianity (Armenian Apostolic, Armenian Catholic) |
| Government | Feudal Monarchy |
| Prince, King | |
• 1080–1095 | Ruben I |
• 1129–1137 | Leo I |
• 1144–1169 | Thoros II the Great |
• 1175–1187 | Ruben III |
• 1198–1219 | Leo II the Magnificent |
• 1226–1270 | Hethum I |
• 1320–1341 | Leo IV |
• 1374–1375 | Leo V |
| History | |
• | 1080 |
• | 1375 |
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History
The kingdom had its origins in the principality founded c. 1080 by the Rubenid dynasty, an alleged offshoot of the larger Bagratuni dynasty, which at various times had held the throne of Armenia. Their capital was originally at Tarsus, and later became Sis.[1] The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was a strong ally of the European Crusaders, and saw itself as a bastion of Christendom in the East. It also served as a focus for Armenian nationalism and culture, since mainland Armenia was under foreign occupation at the time. Cilicia's significance in Armenian history and statehood is also attested by the transfer of the seat of the Catholicos of the Armenian Apostolic Church, spiritual leader of the Armenian people, to the region of Cilicia.
In 1198, with the crowning of Leo I, King of Armenia of the Rubenid dynasty, Cilician Armenia became a kingdom.[2][3]
In 1226, the crown was passed to rival Hethumids through Leo's daughter Isabella's second husband, Hethum I. As the Mongols conquered vast regions of Central Asia and the Middle East, Hethum and succeeding Hethumid rulers sought to create an Armenian-Mongol alliance against common Muslim foes, most notably the Mamluks.[3] In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the Crusader states in the Levant began falling to the Mamluk Sultanate and the Mongol Ilkhanate disintegrated, leaving the Armenian Kingdom without any regional allies. After relentless attacks by the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in the fourteenth century, the Cilician Armenia of the Lusignan dynasty, mired in an internal religious conflict, finally fell in 1375 following the conquest of its capital Sis by the Mamluk Sultanate.[4]
Commercial and military interactions with Europeans brought new Western influences to the Cilician Armenian society. Many aspects of Western European life were adopted by the nobility including chivalry, fashions in clothing, and the use of French titles, names, and language. Moreover, the organization of the Cilician society shifted from its traditional system to become closer to Western feudalism.[5] The European Crusaders themselves borrowed know-how, such as elements of Armenian castle-building and church architecture. Cilician Armenia thrived economically, with the port of Ayas serving as a center for East–West trade.[5]
Armenian Kingdom Of Cilicia Media
- Drapeau roupénide.png
Coat of arms of Rubenid dynasty
- The Barony of Cilician Armenia, 1080-1199.gif
The Barony of Cilician Armenia, 1080–1199
- BaudouinDeBoulogneAndThe Armenians.jpg
Baldwin of Boulogne receiving the homage of the Armenians in Edessa.
- Anatolia1200.png
Little Armenia and its surrounding states in 1200.
- FlagKilikia.png
Flag of Hetumid Dynasty (1226–1341)
- Fortressarmenians5.jpg
Fortress of Korikos in Cilician Armenia built c. the thirteenth century.
- HetoumIAtMongolCourt1254.JPG
Hethum I (seated) in the Mongol court of Karakorum, "receiving the homage of the Mongols". Miniature from "Histoire des Tartars", Hayton of Corycus, 1307.
- Anatolia1300.png
Little Armenia, a Christian exclave in Anatolia, and its surrounding states in 1300.
- GhazanAndKingOfArmenia1303.JPG
Ghazan ordering King Hetum II to accompany Kutlushah on the 1303 attack on Damascus.
References
- ↑ Edwards 1987, pp. vii–xxxi, 3–288.
- ↑ Kurdoghlian 1996, pp. 43–44.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Nersessian, pp. 645–653.
- ↑ Ghazarian 2000, pp. 54–55.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Bournoutian & Atamian 1997, pp. 283–290.
Sources
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