Aurornis
Aurornis is a genus of dinobird from later Jurassic or the Lower Cretaceous. It lived in what is now China. Aurornis xui may be the most basal ("primitive") bird species known to date.[1] Aurornis was discovered in 2013. The animal may predate the famous Archaeopteryx lithographica, the earliest bird, by about 10 million years.[1][2]
| Aurornis Temporal range: Late Jurassic,
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| Life restoration | |
Scientific classification 
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| Unrecognized taxon (fix): | Aurornis |
| Type species | |
| †Aurornis xui Godefroit et al., 2013
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Description
Aurornis was described from a sedimentary rock fossil in 2013. The fossil was purchased from a local dealer who said it had been unearthed in Yaoluguo in western Liaoning, China. At first, analysis confirmed it came from the Tiaojishan Formation, which has been dated to the late Jurassic period, about 160 million years ago.[2][3][4] The fossil features traces of downy feathers along the animal's tail, chest, and neck. It was only partly prepared at the time of purchase; the feathers were not showing, and the fossil bore no signs of forgery.[1]
Later doubts
On 7th June 2013 Science (journal) said that Pascal Godefroit, the paleontologist who led the team that described Aurornis, is uncertain if the fossil material came from Liaoning province's 160-million-year-old Tiaojishan Formation as claimed by the fossil dealer. It may be from the province's 125-million-year-old Yixian Formation, which is known to have produced several ancient bird fossils.[5] The failure to secure rigorous provenance casts doubt on the claim that Aurornis is 160 million years old and predates Archaeopteryx. Godefroit's team will try to confirm the specimen's age by mineralogical and botanical analysis on the shale slab.
Aurornis was roughly the size of a modern pheasant – 50 cm (20 in) in length from beak to tail tip. It had claws and a long tail. Its leg bones are similar to those of Archaeopteryx, but overall its bone structure is more primitive.[1] The absence of larger feathers suggests A. xui was unable to fly. If Aurornis lived roughly 160 million years ago, this is about ten million years before Archaeopteryx, which often has been described as the first bird.[1]
Classification
A phylogenetic analysis of Aurornis published in 2013 found that it belongs in the bird lineage, in a more basal position than Archaeopteryx.[1] The analysis was based on "almost 1,500 [anatomical] characteristics."[6]
The classification of A. xui as a bird is somewhat contentious, however, due to the various differing definitions of the word "bird". Recent discoveries "[emphasize] how grey the dividing line is between birds and [non-avian] dinosaurs", says Paul Barrett of the Natural History Museum, in London. "There's such a gradation in features between them that it's very difficult to tell them apart ... [Aurornis xui] is certainly an older member of the bird lineage than Archaeopteryx, and it's fair to call it a very primitive bird. But what you call a bird comes down to what you call a bird, and a lot of definitions depend on Archaeopteryx."[1] Bird evolution specialist Lawrence Witmer called the new analysis compelling, but said it remains difficult to distinguish birds from birdlike dinosaurs: "All of these little feathered species running and flapping around ... were all very similar."[7]
American paleontologist Luis Chiappe said that A. xui's forelimb is too short to be a true bird. It "is very birdlike, but it is not yet a bird," he concluded.[8]
Aurornis Media
Size comparison of the anchiornithid Aurornis. Based on Hartman (2016).
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Ian Sample (29 May 2013). "Early bird called Dawn beat Archaeopteryx to worm by 10m years". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Godefroit, Pascal et al 2013. "A Jurassic avialan dinosaur from China resolves the early phylogenetic history of birds". Nature. in press. [1]
- ↑ Hu D. et al 2009. A pre-Archaeopteryx troodontid theropod from China with long feathers on the metatarsus (2009). "A pre-Archaeopteryx troodontid theropod from China with long feathers on the metatarsus". Nature. 461 (7264): 640–643. Bibcode:2009Natur.461..640H. doi:10.1038/nature08322. PMID 19794491. S2CID 205218015.
- ↑ Liu Y.-Q. et al 2012. Timing of the earliest known feathered dinosaurs and transitional pterosaurs older than the Jehol Biota (2012). "Timing of the earliest known feathered dinosaurs and transitional pterosaurs older than the Jehol Biota". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 323–325: 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.01.017.
- ↑ Michael Balter 2013. Authenticity of China's fabulous fossils gets new scrutiny. Science 340 (6137): 1153-1154 doi:10.1126/science.340.6137.1153
- ↑ Jonathan Amos (May 29, 2013). Archaeopteryx restored in fossil reshuffle. BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-22695914. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
- ↑ Dinosaur or bird? New study restores famed fossil to 'bird' branch. Fox News. May 29, 2013. http://www.foxnews.com/science/2013/05/29/dinosaur-or-bird-famed-fossil/. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
- ↑ Rachel Ehrenberg (May 29, 2013). "Fossil muddies the origin of birds". Science News. http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/350701/description/Fossil_muddies_the_origin_of_birds. Retrieved May 29, 2013.