Nymphalidae
The Nymphalidae is the largest family of butterflies, with about 6,000 species. They live on all continents except Antarctica.[1] They are commonly known as nymphalids, brushfoots, or brush-footed butterflies.
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| Red Admiral (Vanessa atalanta) | |
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| Family: | Nymphalidae Rafinesque, 1815
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Characteristics
Brushfoots get their name from their front pair of legs. This pair of legs is reduced. They do not have claws at the end. Only the middle and last pair of legs are used for walking.[2] This is why they are called brush-footed butterflies or four-footed butterflies.
Many species are brightly colored and include popular species such as the emperors, admirals, tortoiseshells, and fritillaries. Most hold their colourful wings flat when they are at rest. However, the underwings are often dull; in some species they look just like dead leaves, or are much paler. So when they raise their wings in the normal butterfly position, this cryptic effect helps the butterfly disappear into its surroundings.
Subfamilies
- Apaturinae – Hackberry butterflies and Emperors
- Biblidinae – Tropical Brushfoots
- Calinaginae
- Charaxinae – Leafwings
- Cyrestinae
- Danainae – Milkweed butterflies
- Heliconiinae – Heliconiians and Fritillaries
- Ithomiinae (sometimes placed in the subfamily Danainae as a tribe (a tribe is a ranking between family and genus))
- Libytheinae – Snout butterflies
- Limenitidinae – Admirals and Sisters
- Morphinae – Morphos (sometimes placed in the subfamily Satyrinae as a tribe)
- Nymphalinae – Buckeyes, Eggflies, Checkerspots, Crescents, Anglewings, and Ladies
- Satyrinae – Satyrs and Browns.[1][3]
Some example species
- Aglais urticae – Small Tortoiseshell
- Apatura iris – Purple Emperor
- Danaus plexippus – Monarch
- Hamadryas amphinome – Red Cracker
- Inachis io – Peacock
- Junonia coenia – Common Buckeye
- Libytheana carinenta – American Snout or Common Snout
- Limenitis archippus – Viceroy
- Morpho menelaus – Blue Morpho
- Nymphalis antiopa – Mourning Cloak or Camberwell Beauty
- Speyeria cybele – Great Spangled Fritillary
- Vanessa cardui – Painted Lady
- Vanessa atalanta – Red Admiral
Image gallery
Small Tortoiseshell (Aglais urticae)
Purple Emperor (Apatura iris)
Monarch (Danaus plexippus)
Common Buckeye (Junonia coenia)
American Snout or Common Snout (Libytheana carinenta)
Viceroy (Limenitis archippus)
Mourning Cloak or Camberwell Beauty (Nymphails antipoa)
Painted Lady (Vanessa cardui)
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Nymphalidae Media
Peacock (Aglais io)
Crimson-spotted forester (Euphaedra themis)
Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus)
Dark blue tiger (Tirumala septentrionis)
Small pearl-bordered fritillary (Boloria selene)
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References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Wahlberg, Niklas; Brower, Andrew V.Z. "Nymphalidae". Tree of Life. Archived from the original on 2020-06-07. Retrieved 2009-11-17.
- ↑ Charles A. Triplehorn and Norman F. Johnson (2005). Borror and Delong's Introduction to the Study of Insects (7th Edition). Thomas Brooks/Cole, Belmont, CA. ISBN 0-03-096835-6
- ↑ Gerardo Lamas (edited by) (2004). Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Checklist: Part4A. Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea. Scientific Publishers, Inc., Gainesville, FL. ISBN 0-945417-28-4
Other websites
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Wikispecies has information on: Nymphalidae. |
- Nymphalidae at Tree of Life Archived 2020-06-07 at the Wayback Machine