Civil service
A civil servant or public servant is an employee who works in the civilian career public sector for a government department or agency. Many consider the study of civil service to be a part of the field of public administration. Who is a civil servant and who is not is different in different countries.
Workers in non-departmental public bodies, (called Quangos in some countries) may also be called civil servants in context with statistics. All people that may be called civil servants together form a nation's Civil Service or Public Service.
Civil Service Media
2017 share of government employee compensation in public spending according to Our World in Data
Imperial Civil Service Examination hall with 7500 cells in Guangdong, 1873
Emperor Wen of Sui (r. 581–604), who established the first civil service examination system in China; a painting by the chancellor and artist Yan Liben (600–673).
Charles Trevelyan, an architect of Her Majesty's Civil Service, established in 1855 on his recommendations.
References
- Bodde, D. Chinese Ideas in the West
- Brownlow, Louis, Charles E. Merriam, and Luther Gulick, Report of the President's Committee on Administrative Management. (1937) U.S. Government Printing Office.
- P. N. Mathur. The Civil Service of India, 1731-1894: a study of the history, evolution and demand for reform (1977)
- Kevin Theakston. The Civil Service Since 1945 (Institute of Contemporary British History, 1995)
- Ari Hoogenboom. Outlawing the Spoils: A History of the Civil Service Reform Movement, 1865-1883. (1961)
- Schiesl, Martin. The Politics of Efficiency: Municipal Administration and Reform in America, 1880-1920. (1977)
- Van Riper, Paul. History of the United States Civil Service (1958).
- White, Leonard D., Introduction to the Study of Public Administration. (1955)
- Leonard D. White, Charles H. Bland, Walter R. Sharp, and Fritz Morstein Marx; Civil Service Abroad, Great Britain, Canada, France, Germany (1935) online Archived 2012-06-27 at the Wayback Machine
