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Comparison among Protestants

Protestantism is a form of Christian faith. It started in the Holy Roman Empire (HRE) in the 16th century,[1] when some Christians opposed various aspects of the Roman Catholic Church (RCC). Together with the Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism, Protestantism became the third-largest force in Christianity.[2] Protestantism has a significant impact on the culture, beliefs and economy of places in which it became important.[1]

Protestant beliefs
This table summarizes the classical views of three Protestant beliefs about salvation.[3]
Topic Calvinism Lutheranism Arminianism
Human will Total depravity:

[4] Everyone has free will,[5] but is in bondage to sin[6] until the person is "transformed".[7]		 Total depravity:

[4][8][9] Everyone has free will in regard to "goods and possessions" but is sinful by nature and unable to contribute to the person's own salvation.[10]		 Total depravity:

Everyone has the freedom from necessity[clarification needed] but not "freedom from sin" unless the person is enabled by "prevenient grace".[11]
Election Unconditional election. Unconditional election.[4][12] Conditional election in view of foreseen faith or unbelief.[13]
Justification and atonement Justification by faith alone, with controversies about the extent of the atonement.[14] Justification for all men,[15] completed at Christ's death, and effective through faith alone.[16] Justification is made possible for everyone via Christ's death but is completed only upon choosing faith in Jesus.[17]
Conversion Monergistic,[18] by means of grace, and irresistible. Monergistic,[19][20] through the means of grace, and resistible.[21] Synergistic and resistible by the common grace of free will.[22][23]
Perseverance and apostasy Perseverance of the saints: the eternally elect in Christ will certainly persevere in faith.[24] Falling away is possible,[25] but God's gospel gives assurance.[26][27] Preservation is conditional upon continued faith in Christ, with the chance of a final apostasy.[clarification needed][28]



Related pages

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Protestantism (Christianity) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
  2. ↑ Religion Information Data Explorer | GRF. www.globalreligiousfutures.org. Retrieved 2022-10-13.
  3. ↑ Table drawn from, though not copied, from Lange, Lyle W. God So Loved the World: A Study of Christian Doctrine. Milwaukee: Northwestern Publishing House, 2006. p. 448.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Calvinism and Lutheranism Compared. WELS Topical Q&AWisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
  5. ↑ John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, trans. Henry Beveridge, III.23.2.
  6. ↑ John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, trans. Henry Beveridge, II.3.5.
  7. ↑ John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, trans. Henry Beveridge, III.3.6.
  8. ↑ Morris, J.W., The Historic Church: An Orthodox View of Christian History, p267, "The Book of Concord became the official statement of doctrine for most of the world's Lutherans. The Formula of Concord reaffirmed the traditional Lutheran doctrine of total depravity in very clear terms"
  9. ↑ Melton, J.G., Encyclopedia of Protestantism, p229, on Formula of Concord, "the 12 articles of the formula focused on a number of newer issues such as original sin (in which total depravity is affirmed)"
  10. ↑ * WELS vs Assembly of God. WELS Topical Q&A.
    • Augsburg Confessional, Article XVIII, Of Free Will Archived 2011-08-10 at the Wayback Machine, saying: "(M)an's will has some liberty to choose civil righteousness, and to work things subject to reason. But it has no power, without the Holy Ghost, to work the righteousness of God, that is, spiritual righteousness; since the natural man receiveth not the things of the Spirit of God (1 Cor. 2:14); but this righteousness is wrought in the heart when the Holy Ghost is received through the Word."
    • Henry Cole, trans., Martin Luther on the Bondage of the Will (London, T. Bensley, 1823), 66. The controversial term liberum arbitrium was translated "free-will" by Cole. However Ernest Gordon Rupp and Philip Saville Watson, Luther and Erasmus: Free Will and Salvation (Westminster, 1969) chose "free choice" as their translation.
  11. ↑ Stanglin, Keith D.. Jacob Arminius: Theologian of Grace (15 November 2012). New York: Oxford University Press USA. p. 157-158.
  12. ↑ The Book of Concord: The Confessions of the Lutheran Church, XI. Election. "Predestination" means "God's ordination to salvation".
  13. ↑ Olson, Roger E.. Arminian Theology: Myths and Realities (2009). Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. p. 63.
  14. ↑ The Westminster Confession, III:6, says that only the "elect" are "effectually called, justified, adopted, sanctified, and saved." However in his Calvin and the Reformed Tradition (Baker, 2012), 45, Richard A. Muller observes that "a sizeable body of literature has interpreted Calvin as teaching "limited atonement", but "an equally sizeable body . . . [interprets] Calvin as teaching "unlimited atonement".
  15. ↑
  16. ↑
    • IV. Justification by Grace through Faith. This We BelieveWisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
    • Becker, Siegbert W.. Objective JustificationWisconsin Lutheran Seminary. p. 1. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
    • Universal Justification. WELS Topical Q&AWisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
    • Augsburg Confession, Article V, Of Justification. People "cannot be justified before God by their own strength, merits, or works, but are freely justified for Christ's sake, through faith, when they believe that they are received into favor, and that their sins are forgiven for Christ's sake. ..."
  17. ↑ Stanglin, Keith D.. Jacob Arminius: Theologian of Grace (15 November 2012). New York: Oxford University Press USA. p. 136.
  18. ↑ Paul ChulHong Kang, Justification: The Imputation of Christ's Righteousness from Reformation Theology to the American Great Awakening and the Korean Revivals (Peter Lang, 2006), 70, note 171. Calvin generally defends Augustine's "monergistic view".
  19. ↑ Diehl, Walter A.. The Age of AccountabilityWisconsin Lutheran Seminary. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
  20. ↑ Monergism; thefreedictionary.com
  21. ↑ Calvinism and Lutheranism Compared. WELS Topical Q&AWisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  22. ↑ Olson, Roger E.. Arminian Theology: Myths and Realities (2009). Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. p. 18.
  23. ↑ Olson, Roger E.. Arminian Theology: Myths and Realities (2009). Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. p. 165.
  24. ↑ The Westminster Confession of Faith, Ch XVII, "Of the Perseverance of the Saints".
  25. ↑ Once saved always saved. WELS Topical Q&AWisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  26. ↑ Perseverence of the Saints (Once Saved Always Saved). WELS Topical Q&AWisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  27. ↑ Demarest, Bruce A.. The Cross and Salvation: The Doctrine of Salvation (1997)Crossway Books. p. 437–438.
  28. ↑ Demarest, Bruce A.. The Cross and Salvation: The Doctrine of Salvation (1997)Crossway Books. p. 35.
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