Crab Nebula
The Crab Nebula (catalogue designations M1, NGC 1952, Taurus A)[4] is a supernova remnant and 'pulsar wind nebula' in the constellation of Taurus. The nebula was observed by John Bevis in 1731; it corresponds to a bright supernova recorded by Chinese and Islamic astronomers in 1054. In 1840, astronomer William Parsons gave it the name it has today.[5]
| Supernova remnant | |
|---|---|
 Hubble Space Telescope mosaic image assembled from 24 individual Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 exposures taken in October 1999, January 2000, and December 2000 | |
| Observation data: J2000.0 epoch | |
| Right ascension | 05h 34m 31.94s[1] |
| Declination | +22° 00′ 52.2″[1] |
| Distance | 6500±1600 ly (2000±500[2] pc) |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | +8.4 |
| Apparent dimensions (V) | 420″ × 290″ |
| Constellation | Taurus |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Radius | ~5.5 ly (~1.7[3] pc) |
| Absolute magnitude (V) | −3.1±0.5[c] |
| Notable features | Optical pulsar |
| Designations | Messier 1, NGC 1952, Taurus A, Sh2-244[1] |
The nebula is about 6,500 light-years (2 kpc) from Earth. It has a diameter of 11 ly (3.4 pc) and expands at a rate of about 1,500 kilometers per second. It is part of the Perseus Arm of the Milky Way Galaxy.
At the center of the nebula lies the Crab pulsar, a neutron star (or spinning ball of neutrons), 28–30 km across,[6] which emits pulses of radiation from gamma ray bursts to radio waves with a spin rate of 30.2 times per second. The nebula was the first astronomical object identified with a historical supernova explosion.[7]
The nebula acts as a source of radiation for studying celestial bodies between it and us. In the 1950s and 1960s, the Sun's corona was mapped from observations of the Crab's radio waves passing through it, and in 2003, the thickness of the atmosphere of Saturn's moon Titan was measured as it blocked out X-rays from the nebula.
The cloudy remnants of SN 1054 are now known as the Crab Nebula. The nebula is also referred to as Messier 1 or M1, being the first Messier object catalogued in 1758.
Energy levels
Previous analysis showed that with X-ray and gamma ray energies above 30 keV, the Crab is the strongest persistent source in the sky. Its flux (energy emission) was known to be above 1012 eV.
However, recent work has shown the energy levels are much higher than previously thought.[8] Scientists found emissions at more than 100 GeV (gigaelectronvolts) – 100 billion times more energetic than visible light.
Origin
The creation of the Crab Nebula corresponds to the bright SN 1054 supernova, which was recorded by Chinese astronomers in 1054 AD. The Crab Nebula itself was first observed in 1731 by John Bevis. The nebula was independently rediscovered in 1758 by Charles Messier as he was observing a bright comet. Messier catalogued it as the first entry in his catalogue of comet-like objects. The Earl of Rosse observed the nebula at Birr Castle in 1848, and referred to the object as the Crab Nebula because a drawing he made of it looked like a crab.[9][10]
In the early 20th century, the analysis of early photographs of the nebula taken several years apart revealed that it was expanding. Tracing the expansion back revealed that the nebula must have become visible on Earth about 900 years ago. Historical records revealed that a new star bright enough to be seen in the daytime had been recorded in the same part of the sky by Chinese astronomers in 1054.[7][11] Given its great distance, the daytime 'guest star' observed by the Chinese could only have been a supernova—a massive, exploding star, having exhausted its supply of energy from nuclear fusion and collapsed in on itself.
Recent analysis of historical records have found that the supernova that created the Crab Nebula probably appeared in April or early May, rising to its maximum brightness of between apparent magnitude −7 and −4.5 (brighter than everything in the night sky except the Moon) by July. The supernova was visible to the naked eye for about two years after its first observation.[12] Thanks to the recorded observations of Far Eastern and Middle Eastern astronomers of 1054, Crab Nebula became the first astronomical object recognized as being connected to a supernova explosion.[7]
Crab Nebula Media
Reproduction of the first depiction of the nebula by Lord Rosse (1844) (colour-inverted to appear white-on-black)
HaRGB image of the Crab Nebula from the Liverpool Telescope, exposures totalling 1.4 hours.
The Crab Nebula captured from a ground based amateur telescope
The nebula is seen in the visible spectrum at 550 nm (green light).
Image combining optical data from Hubble (in red) and X-ray images from Chandra X-ray Observatory (in blue).
Hubble image of a small region of the Crab Nebula, showing Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities in its intricate filamentary structure.
Slow-motion video of the Crab Pulsar, taken with OES Single-Photon-Camera.
Data from orbiting observatories show unexpected variations in the Crab Nebula's X-ray output, likely tied to the environment around its central neutron star.
NASA's Fermi spots 'superflares' in the Crab Nebula.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Template:Cite simbad
- ↑ Kaplan, David L.; Chatterjee, S.; Gaensler, B. M.; Anderson, J. (2008). "A Precise Proper Motion for the Crab Pulsar, and the Difficulty of Testing Spin-Kick Alignment for Young Neutron Stars". The Astrophysical Journal. 677 (2): 1201–1215. arXiv:0801.1142. Bibcode:2008ApJ...677.1201K. doi:10.1086/529026. S2CID 17840947.
- ↑ Hester, J. J. (2008). "The Crab Nebula: An Astrophysical Chimera". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 46: 127–155. Bibcode:2008ARA&A..46..127H. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.45.051806.110608.
- ↑ catalogue designations M1, NGC 1952, Taurus A
- ↑ Parsons, William (1844). "Observations on Some of the Nebulae". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 134. fig. 81, plate xviii, p. 321. doi:10.1098/rstl.1844.0012. JSTOR 108366. S2CID 186212669.
- ↑ "Crab Nebula: the spirit of Halloween lives on as a dead star creates celestial havoc".
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Mayall N.U. (1939). "The Crab Nebula, a probable supernova". Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets. 3 (119): 145. Bibcode:1939ASPL....3..145M.
- ↑ BBC Science News 7 October 2011 Crab Pulsar's high-energy beam surprises astronomers [1]
- ↑ Glyn Jones, K. (1976). "The search for the nebulae". Journal of the History of Astronomy. 7: 67. Bibcode:1976JHA.....7...67B. doi:10.1177/002182867600700111. S2CID 125142606.
- ↑ Rossi, B.B. (October 1969). "The Crab Nebula ancient history and recent discoveries". NASA. NTRS.
- ↑ Lundmark, K. (1921). "Suspected new stars recorded in old chronicles and among recent Meridian observations". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 33 (195): 225. Bibcode:1921PASP...33..225L. doi:10.1086/123101. S2CID 120275870.
- ↑ Collins, George W., II; Claspy, William P.; Martin, John C. (1999). "A reinterpretation of historical references to the supernova of A.D. 1054". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 111 (761): 871–880. arXiv:astro-ph/9904285. Bibcode:1999PASP..111..871C. doi:10.1086/316401. S2CID 14452581.