Ctenophore
The phylum Ctenophora,[1] the comb jellies, is a phylum of marine invertebrates. They are part of the plankton, and there are also pelagic species. The phylum includes the sea gooseberry (Pleurobrachia pileus) and Venus' girdle (Cestum veneris).
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| Light refracting on comb rows of Mertensia ovum This one is damaged and asymmetrical, with right lower portion of body regenerating from damage. The body of this species is about 3 cm long. | |
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| Phylum: | Ctenophora Eschscholtz, 1829
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The phylum was grouped with Cnidaria (jellyfish) in the former Coelenterata phylum. Ctenophores are the most basal known type of animals.[2]
Even though they look like jellyfish, they are zoologically not related to them. They lack the characteristic nematocysts (stinging cells), but have colloblasts, sticky cells that snare small victims. They have eight rows of cilia which look like the teeth of a comb, hence Ctenophore = comb-bearer. Ctenophores have connective tissues and a nervous system. There are about 150 described species of ctenophora spread throughout the world's oceans, from shallow estuarine waters to the deep sea.
Although there are a few benthic species, most are gelatinous zooplankton and form a considerable proportion of the entire planktonic biomass worldwide. A few species, such as the sea gooseberry, native to the North Sea, have reached such high populations that they clog fishermen's nets, while of other species only a few examples are known. The fragile makeup of ctenophores makes research into their way of life extremely difficult. For this reason their lifespan is not known, but ctenophores begin to reproduce at an early age.
Colour and light
Many planktonic ctenophores produce a rainbow effect, which is not caused by bioluminescence but by diffraction, the scattering of light, as the cilia on the combs beat.[3][4] Most species are also bioluminescent, but the light is usually blue or green and can only been seen in darkness.[3] However some groups appear incapable of bioluminescence.[5]
Ctenophore Media
Spotted Comb Jelly
Pelagic ctenophores a Beroe ovata, b Euplokamis sp., c Nepheloctena sp.,d Bathocyroe fosteri, e Mnemiopsis leidyi, and f Ocyropsis sp.Comb jelly, Shedd Aquarium, Chicago
Anatomy of Cydippid Ctenophore
Aulacoctena sp., a cydippid ctenophore
Bathocyroe fosteri a common but fragile deep-sea lobate, oriented mouth down
Beroe sp. swimming with open mouth, at left. This animal is 3–6 cm long.
Cydippid larva of Bolinopsis sp., a few millimetres long
Nepheloctena spp, formerly known as "Tortugas red", with trailing tentacles and clearly visible sidebranches, or tentilla
References
- ↑ pronounced "Teenofora"
- ↑ Dunn et al. 2008. "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life". Nature 06614.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Mills, Claudia E. 2009. [1]
- ↑ Welch, Victoria; Vigneron, Jean Pol; Lousse, Virginie; Parker, Andrew (2006). "Optical properties of the iridescent organ of the comb-jellyfish Beroe cucumis (Ctenophora)" (PDF). Physical Review E. 73 (4): 41916–7. Bibcode:2006PhRvE..73d1916W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.73.041916. PMID 16711845.
- ↑ Haddock SHD; Case, J. F. (1995). "Not all ctenophores are bioluminescent: Pleurobrachia" (PDF). Biological Bulletin. 189 (3): 356–362. doi:10.2307/1542153. JSTOR 1542153. PMID 29244577. Retrieved 2009-02-10.