Tide

The Bay of Fundy at high tide

The Bay of Fundy at low tide

Schematic of tides showing (exaggerated) high tides.

A tide is the periodic rising and falling of Earth's ocean surface caused mainly by the gravitational pull of the Moon acting on the oceans. Tides cause changes in the depth of marine and estuarine (river mouth) waters. Tides also make oscillating currents known as tidal streams (~'rip tides'). This means that being able to predict the tide is important for coastal navigation. The strip of seashore that is under water at high tide and exposed at low tide, called the intertidal zone, is an important ecological product of ocean tides.

The height of tides varies somewhat with the phases of the Moon. At New Moon and Full Moon, tides are higher because the Sun's tidal force adds to the Moon's. This is called "spring tide".

Two tides a day

In most places, there are two tides a day. They each have a high point (the high tide) and a low point (the low tide). We speak of a "flood tide" coming in towards high tide, and an "ebb tide" going out towards low tide.

The period of the tide is about 12 hours and 25.2 minutes, exactly half a tidal lunar day.

The Moon orbits the Earth in the same direction as the Earth rotates on its axis, so it takes slightly more than a day—about 24 hours and 50 minutes—for the Moon to return to the same location in the sky. During this time, it has passed overhead once and underfoot once, so in many places the period of strongest tidal forcing is the above-mentioned, about 12 hours and 25 minutes. This is analogous to the minute hand on a watch crossing the hour hand at 12:00 and then again at about 1:05½ (not at 1:00).

Because a gravitational field weakens with distance, the Moon's gravity exerts a slightly stronger pulling force on the side of the Earth facing the Moon, and a slightly weaker force on the opposite side. The Moon thus tends to "stretch" the Earth slightly along the line connecting the two bodies. The solid Earth deforms a bit, but ocean water, being fluid, is free to move much more in response to the tidal force, particularly horizontally. As the Earth rotates, the magnitude and direction of the tidal force at any particular point on the Earth's surface change constantly; although the ocean never reaches equilibrium—there is never time for the fluid to "catch up" to the state it would eventually reach if the tidal force were constant—the changing tidal force nonetheless causes rhythmic changes in sea surface height.

Other things, such as atmospheric pressure and the Sun's gravity, also affect the tides, but in most places those things do much less than the Moon's gravity does.

Tide Media

• 

  Earth's rotation drags the position of the tidal bulge ahead of the position directly under the Moon showing the lag angle.

• 

  In Maine (U.S.), low tide occurs roughly at moonrise and high tide with a high Moon, corresponding to the simple gravity model of two tidal bulges; at most places however, the Moon and tides have a phase shift.

• Tide coming in, video stops about 1+¹⁄₂ hours before high tide

• 

  Types of tides (See Timing (below) for coastal map)

• 

  Illustration by the course of half a month

• Global surface elevation of M2 ocean tide (NASA)

• 

  Tides schematic. Due to the bathymetry of some areas, neap and spring tides reach their maximum force 2 days after the first quarter moon, third quarter moon and new moon, full moon, respectively.

• 

  Low tide at Bangchuidao scenic area, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China

• 

  Low tide at Ocean Beach in San Francisco, California, U.S.

Related pages

• Aquaculture
• Tidal energy

Other websites

• Oceanography: tides by J. Floor Anthoni (2000).
• Myths about Gravity and Tides Archived 2015-07-22 at the Wayback Machine by Mikolaj Sawicki (2005).
• Tidal Misconceptions Archived 2016-05-08 at the Wayback Machine by Donald E. Simanek.
• Our Restless Tides: NOAA's practical & short introduction to tides.
• Tides and centrifugal force: Why the centrifugal force does not explain the tide's opposite lobe (with nice animations).

Tide predictions

• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
• Graphical Tide Calendars
• WWW Tide and Current Predictor
• XTide Tide Prediction Server Archived 2011-08-21 at the Wayback Machine
• Earth tides calculator Archived 2006-06-14 at the Wayback Machine
• Tides: Why They Happen -- Beaufort County Library Archived 2007-03-15 at the Wayback Machine
• Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine