Elf
An elf is a creature of various origins that is usually regarded as a good being that helps to make trees and nature good. It is therefore commonly associated with paganism and witchcraft (many modern witches today believe that elves are real creatures).
Elves are usually described as a taller human, but with more firmer touch to them. However, in The Lord of the Rings, elves were described as human sized (and if anything taller), hence changing the description of elves. They are sometimes known to have long, pointy ears.
In most modern fantasy scenarios, elves are one of the 3 main races (elves, dwarves, and humans), although if these 3 are described as the good races, they then become one of 6 races, including orcs, goblins, trolls, and / or giants.
The word elf is found throughout the Germanic languages and seems originally to have meant "white being". Reconstructing the early concept of an elf depends largely on texts, written by Christians, in Old and Middle English, medieval German, and Old Norse. These associate elves variously with the gods of Norse mythology, with causing illness, with magic, and with beauty and seduction.
The elves of Norse mythology have survived into folklore mainly as females, living in hills and mounds of stones.[1] The Swedish älvor were stunningly beautiful girls who lived in the forest with an elven king.[2][3]
The elves could be seen dancing over meadows, particularly at night and on misty mornings. They left a circle where they had danced, which were called älvdanser (elf dances) or älvringar (elf circles), and to urinate in one was thought to cause venereal diseases. Typically, elf circles were fairy rings consisting of a ring of small mushrooms, but there was also another kind of elf circle. In the words of the local historian Anne Marie Hellström:
...on lake shores, where the forest met the lake, you could find elf circles. They were round places where the grass had been flattened like a floor. Elves had danced there. By Lake Tisnaren, I have seen one of those. It could be dangerous and one could become ill if one had trodden over such a place or if one destroyed anything there.[1]
If a human watched the dance of the elves, he would discover that even though only a few hours seemed to have passed, many years had passed in the real world. Humans being invited or lured to the elf dance is a common motif transferred from older Scandinavian ballads.[4]
Elves were not exclusively young and beautiful. In the Swedish folktale Little Rosa and Long Leda, an elvish woman (älvakvinna) arrives in the end and saves the heroine, Little Rose, on condition that the king's cattle no longer graze on her hill. She is described as a beautiful old woman and by her aspect people saw that she belonged to the subterraneans.[5]
Elf Media
Ängsälvor (Swedish "Meadow Elves") by Nils Blommér (1850)
A chart showing how the sound of the word elf has changed in the history of English[6]
Alden Valley, Lancashire, a place possibly once associated with elves
The Eadwine Psalter, f. 66r. Detail: Christ and demons attacking the psalmist.
"⁊ ylfe" ("and elves") in Beowulf
One possible semantic field diagram of words for sentient beings in Old Norse, showing their relationships as an Euler diagram[7]
Portrait of Margarethe Luther, believed by her son Martin to have been afflicted by elbe ("elves")
Related pages
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hellström (1990). En Krönika om Åsbro. p. 36. ISBN 91-7194-726-4.
- ↑ For the Swedish belief in älvor see mainly Schön, Ebbe (1986). "De fagra flickorna på ängen". Älvor, vättar och andra väsen. ISBN 91-29-57688-1.
- ↑ Keightley 1850, pp. 78–. Chapter: "Scandinavia: Elves"
- ↑ Taylor 2014.
- ↑ "Lilla Rosa och Långa Leda". Svenska folksagor. Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksell Förlag AB. 1984. p. 158.
- ↑ Hall (2007), p. 178 (fig. 7).
- ↑ Hall (2009), p. 208, fig. 1.
- ↑ Scott (1803), p. 266.