Genetic drift
Genetic drift is a random effect on biological populations. Its effect is to remove genetic variation from a population of living organisms.[1]
In natural populations there are a number of forces acting. There are forces which add heritable variation to the population, such as mutation and recombination. There are also factors which remove variation from the population, and drift is one of these.
Overview
In a species, or an interbreeding population, there is usually a great deal of genetic variation. This genetic variation is in the form of different alleles at many loci (gene positions) on the chromosomes.
Changes in allele frequency are mainly caused by natural selection, that is, by differential survival, and contribution to the next generation. But as populations get smaller, there is a tendency for each generation to become more homozygous, with less variety of alleles. This is an effect similar to inbreeding: it leads to genetic uniformity.
Genetic drift is the name given to this loss of variation. It can affect evolution in surprisingly big ways, but only when populations are quite small. What 'small' means would depend on the organism. 50 individuals is small, 5000 is not, 500 is maybe. The basic mechanism of drift is that genetic variety is reduced by chance, making the individuals more similar to each other, and hence more vulnerable.
- Drift reduces genetic variation in populations, potentially reducing a population’s ability to survive new selective pressures.
- Genetic drift acts faster and has more drastic results in smaller populations.[2] Small populations usually become extinct.
- Genetic drift may contribute to speciation, if the small group does survive.
- Bottleneck events: when a large population is suddenly and drastically reduced in size by some event, the genetic variety will be very much reduced. Infections and extreme climate events are frequent causes. Occasionally, invasions by more competitive species can be devastating.[3]
♦ In the 1880/90s, hunting reduced the Northern elephant seal to only about 20 individuals. Although the population has rebounded, its genetic variability is much less than that of the Southern elephant seal.
♦ Cheetahs have very little variation. We think the species was reduced to a small number at some recent time. Because it lacks genetic variation, it is in danger from infectious diseases.[4] - Founder events: these occur when a small group buds off from a larger population. The small group then lives separately from the main population. The human species is often quoted as having been through such stages, for example, when groups left Africa to set up elsewhere (see human evolution). Apparently, we have less variation than would be expected from our worldwide distribution.
Groups that arrive on islands far from the mainland are also good examples. These groups, by virtue of their small size, cannot carry the full range of alleles to be found in the parent population.[5][6]
Genetic Drift Media
In this simulation, each black dot on a marble signifies that it has been chosen for copying (reproduction) one time. Fixation in the blue "allele" occurs within five generations.
Ten simulations of random genetic drift of a single given allele with an initial frequency distribution 0.5 measured over the course of 50 generations, repeated in three reproductively synchronous populations of different sizes. In these simulations, alleles drift to loss or fixation (frequency of 0.0 or 1.0) only in the smallest population.
Changes in a population's allele frequency following a population bottleneck: the rapid and radical decline in population size has reduced the population's genetic variation.
When very few members of a population migrate to form a separate new population, the founder effect occurs. For a period after the foundation, the small population experiences intensive drift. In the figure this results in fixation of the red allele.
Related pages
References
- ↑ Gillespie, John H. 2004. Population genetics: a concise guide. 2nd ed, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Chapter 2 and 4.3 ISBN 0801880092
- ↑ Klug W.S. et al 2012. Concepts of genetics. Pearson, p710. ISBN 0-321-79578-4
- ↑ The extinction of many Australian marsupials by foreign species is a famous example.
- ↑ O'Brien S. Wildt D. & Bush M. 1986. The Cheetah in genetic peril. Scientific American 254: 68–76. Skin grafts between non-related cheetahs illustrate this point: there is no rejection of the donor skin.
- ↑ Evolution 101:Sampling Error and Evolution Archived 2010-03-30 at the Wayback Machine and Effects of Genetic Drift Archived 2012-03-23 at the Wayback Machine from the Understanding Evolution webpages made by the University of California at Berkeley
- ↑ Evolution 101: Peripatric Speciation Archived 2004-04-23 at the Wayback Machine from the Understanding Evolution webpages made by the University of California at Berkeley