Hyponatremia
Hyponatremia (British English: hyponatraemia) is when there is not enough sodium in the body (in the blood). It is mostly caused by the presence of too much water. Sodium is an essential mineral.
| Hyponatremia | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Hyponatraemia, low blood sodium, hyponatræmia |
 | |
| Sodium, as shown on the periodic table | |
| Symptoms | Decreased ability to think, headaches, nausea, poor balance, confusion, seizures, coma[1][2][3] |
| Types | Low volume, normal volume, high volume[4] |
| Diagnostic method | Serum sodium < 135 mmol/L[3] |
| Differential diagnosis | Ethanol intoxication or withdrawal, high protein levels, high blood fat levels, high blood sugar[5][6] |
| Treatment | Based on underlying cause[4] |
| Frequency | Relatively common[6][7] |
Causes
Hyponatremia is most often a complication of other medical illnesses in which excess water collects in the body faster than can be excreted. For instance, congestive heart failure is a syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) use. Some runners who drink a lot of water before running a marathon also suffer this illness.[8][9] Drinking too much water can impair the ability of marathon runners.[10]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Babar, Sultan M.. SIADH Associated With Ciprofloxacin (in EN). Annals of Pharmacotherapy 47 (10) (2013-10-01). p. 1359–1363. doi:10.1177/1060028013502457.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Williams, David M. The clinical management of hyponatraemia. Postgraduate Medical Journal 92 (1089) (2016-07-01). p. 407–411. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2015-133740.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Henry, Dan A.. Hyponatremia. Annals of Internal Medicine 163 (3) (2015-08-04). p. ITC1–ITC16. doi:10.7326/AITC201508040.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Lee, Jennifer Ji Young. Management of hyponatremia (in en). CMAJ 186 (8) (2014-05-13). p. E281–E286. doi:10.1503/cmaj.120887.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Filippatos, T. D.. Ten common pitfalls in the evaluation of patients with hyponatremia (in English). European Journal of Internal Medicine 29 (2016-04-01). p. 22–25. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2015.11.022.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Book sources - Wikipedia (in en). en.wikipedia.org. Retrieved 2025-04-21.
- ↑ Ball, SG. Diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 30 (2) (March 2016). p. 161–73. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2015.12.001.
- ↑ Merck Manual: Hyponatremia. Retrieved 2011-10-21.
- ↑ Gina Kolata: Marathoners Warned About Too Much Water (NYTimes, 20 Oct. 2005)
- ↑ Inverse relationship between percentage body weight change and finishing time in 643 forty-two-kilometre marathon runners. Retrieved 2011-10-21.
- ↑ Ball, S. G.. Diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia. Disturbances of water and electrolyte balance. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 30 (2) (2016-03-01). p. 161–173. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2015.12.001.