Hysteresis
Hysteresis is a concept in physical science. In hysteresis the output of a system depends not only on its input, but also on its history of past inputs. This is because the history affects the value of an internal state. To predict the future outputs of a system, either its internal state or its history must be known.[1]
The effect may happen because of a lag between input and output. This effect disappears as the input changes more slowly. This effect meets the description of hysteresis given above, but is often referred to as rate-dependent hysteresis to distinguish it from hysteresis with a more durable memory effect.
Hysteresis occurs in ferromagnetic materials and ferroelectric materials.[2] It also occurs in the deformation of some materials (such as rubber bands and shape-memory alloys).[3] Many artificial systems are designed to have hysteresis: for example, in thermostats and computers.
Hysteresis Media
Electric displacement field D of a ferroelectric material as the electric field E is first decreased, then increased. The curves form a hysteresis loop.
Sharp hysteresis loop of a Schmitt trigger
Elastic hysteresis of an idealized rubber band. The area in the centre of the hysteresis loop is the energy dissipated due to internal friction.
Theoretical model of magnetization m against magnetic field h. Starting at the origin, the upward curve is the initial magnetization curve.
References
- ↑ Krasnosel'skii, Mark; Pokrovskii, Alexei 1989. Systems with hysteresis. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-0-387-15543-2
- ↑ Bertotti, Giorgio 1998. Hysteresis in magnetism: for physicists, materials scientists, and engineers. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-093270-2
- ↑ Mielke, A.; Roubícek, T. (2003). "A rate-independent model for inelastic behavior of shape-memory alloys". Multiscale Model. Simul. 1 (4): 571–597. doi:10.1137/S1540345903422860.