Improper rotation

An improper rotation can be understood as an inversion followed by a proper rotation.

Equivalently it is the combination of a rotation and an inversion in a point on the axis. Therefore it is also called a rotoinversion or rotary inversion.

A simple example of an improper rotation in 3D (but not in 2D) is a coordinate inversion: x goes to −x, y to −y and z to −z. Under this transformation, a and b go to −a and −b (by the definition of a vector), but p clearly does not change. (It follows that any improper rotation multiplies p by −1 compared to the rotation's effect on a true vector.)

Improper Rotation Media

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  2-antiprism rotoreflection

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  3-antiprism_rotoreflection

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  Rotoreflection_example_square_antiprism

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  Rotoreflection_example_antiprism

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  6-antiprism_rotorereflection

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  Subgroups for S2 to S20.C1 is the identity group.S2 is the central inversion.Cn are cyclic groups.