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Iranian Azeris

The Iranian Azeris (Azeri: ایران آذربایجانلیلاری; Persian: ایرانیان آذربایجان), also known as Iranian Azerbaijanis or Persian Azeris,[1] are Iranians of Azerbaijani ethnicity.

Iranian Azeris
ایران آذربایجانلیلاری
Total population
Flag of Iran.svg Iran: 20% of population[2][3]
Regions with significant populations
  • East Azerbaijan
  • West Azerbaijan
  • Ardabil
  • Zanjan
  • Hamadan
  • Qazvin
Languages
  • Azeri
  • Persian
Religion
Shia Islam

Iranian Azerbaijanis are a Turkic-speaking people of mostly Iranian origin[4][5][6] and Azerbaijani language described as aTurkic language learned and spoken by Iranian peasants.[7] Genetic studies have also shown that gene and language are not related, that Azerbaijanis do not have a significantly high Turkic genetic heritage, no close genetic relationship was observed between Azeris of Iran and the people of Turkey or Central Asians[8][9] and that there is no significant difference between them and the other major ethnic groups of Iran.[9]

History

Ancient age

In the Achaemenid period Azerbaijan was part of the satrapy of Media. When the Achaemenid empire collapsed, Atropates, the Persian satrap of Media, made himself independent in the northwest of this region in 321 B.C. Thereafter Greek and Latin writers named the territory Media Atropatene or, less frequently, Media Minor. The Middle Persian form of the name was (early) Āturpātakān, (later) Ādurbādagān whence the New Persian Āḏarbāyjān.[10]

Medieval age

The Safavids, emerged in the Ardabil region of Iranian Azerbaijan and continued their existence until 1722/1736 by capturing all of Iranian Azerbaijan. The Safavids reasserted the Iranian identity of the region and established an independent Iranian state.[11] It is estimated that the Safavid dynasty was partly or wholly of Kurdish origin.[12][13][14]

Later, Iranian Azerbaijan fell into the hands of Pahlavis in 1925. The Azerbaijan People's Government was founded in 1945 but was overthrown by the Pahlavis in 1946.

With the 1979 Iranian Islamic revolution, Iranian Azerbaijan became a part of the Islamic Republic of Iran and has survived to the present day.

Iranian Azeris Media

References

  1. ↑ Fyre 1960, p. 17.
  2. ↑ "Iran". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (United States). "Persian 57%, Azeri 20%, Kurd 10%, Lur 6%, Baloch 2%, Arab 2%, Turkmen and Turkic tribes 2%, other 1%"
  3. ↑ "Iran - Azeris". World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. "Azeris compose around 16 per cent of the overall population of the Islamic Republic of Iran and 3 times the population of neighbouring Azerbaijan."
  4. ↑ Arkelova 2015, p. 279.
  5. ↑ Fyre 2004, pp. 321-326.
  6. ↑ Roy 2000, p. 6.
  7. ↑ Planhol 2004, p. 204–212.
  8. ↑ Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Palacio-Gruber, José; Amirzargar, Ali; Vaquero-Yuste, Christian; Molina-Alejandre, Marta; Sánchez-Orta, Alejandro; Heras, Alba; Nikbin, Behrouz; Suarez-Trujillo, Fabio (2022-06-01). "HLA alleles and haplotypes in Iran Tabriz Azeris population: genes and languages do not correlate". Human Immunology. 83 (6): 477–479. doi:10.1016/j.humimm.2022.04.002. ISSN 0198-8859. Turks entered to the area from Central Asia and imposed their language to all different ethnicities with no documented gene flow. [...] The fact that Azeris speak a Turkish language is probably a reflection of the "elite" but not massive invasion of this group in the area; in Anatolia, it is shown the same type of Asian Turks invasion without noticeable gene input. Invaders imposed a language but not genes, because nowadays Anatolian Turkish belong to the Older Mediterranean substrate together with Cretans, Sardinians and Macedonians.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Farjadian, S.; Ghaderi, A. (December 2007). "HLA class II similarities in Iranian Kurds and Azeris". International Journal of Immunogenetics. 34 (6): 457–463. doi:10.1111/j.1744-313x.2007.00723.x. ISSN 1744-3121. PMID 18001303. S2CID 22709345. Neighbor‐joining tree based on Nei's genetic distances and correspondence analysis according to DRB1, DQA1 and DQB1 allele frequencies showed a strong genetic tie between Kurds and Azeris of Iran. The results of AMOVA revealed no significant difference between these populations and other major ethnic groups of Iran. No close genetic relationship was observed between Azeris of Iran and the people of Turkey or Central Asians. According to the current results, present-day Kurds and Azeris of Iran seem to belong to a common genetic pool.
  10. ↑ Schippmann 1987, pp. 221-224.
  11. ↑ Savory 1980, p. 3.
  12. ↑ Matthee 2005, p. 17; Matthee 2008
  13. ↑ Amoretti & Matthee 2009.
  14. ↑ Savory 2008, p. 8.

Sources

  • Fyre, R. N. (2004). "IRAN v. PEOPLES OF IRAN (1) A General Survey". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XIII. Fasc. 3. 321–326. “The Turkish speakers of Azerbaijan (q.v.) are mainly descended from the earlier Iranian speakers, several pockets of whom still exist in the region.” 
  • Planhol, Xavier de (2004). "IRAN i. LANDS OF IRAN". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XIII. Fasc. 2.. 204–212. “Azeri, not unlike Uzbek (see above), lost the vocal harmony typical of Turkish languages. It is a Turkish language learned and spoken by Iranian peasants.” 
  • Schippmann, K. (1987). "IRAN i. LANDS OF IRAN". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. III, Fasc. 2.. 221–224. “In the Achaemenid period Azerbaijan was part of the satrapy of Media. When the Achaemenid empire collapsed, Atropates, the Persian satrap of Media, made himself independent in the northwest of this region in 321 B.C. (thus H. H. Schmitt, Untersuchungen zur Geschichte Antiochos’ des Grossen und seiner Zeit, Wiesbaden, 1964, p. 61; in 328 according to V. Minorsky in EI2 I, p. 188, or 328-27 according to Kaerst, in Pauly-Wissowa, II, co1. 2150). Thereafter Greek and Latin writers named the territory Media Atropatene or, less frequently, Media Minor (e.g. Strabo 11.13.1; Justin 23.4.13). The Middle Persian form of the name was (early) Āturpātakān, (later) Ādurbādagān) whence the New Persian Āḏarbāyjān (on the name Atropatene and its derivation, see Minorsky, loc. cit.; Andreas, “Adarbigana,” in Pauly-Wissowa, I, cols. 345ff.; Weissbach, “Atropatene,” in Pauly-Wissowa, II, cols. 2149-50, and Streck, in Pauly-Wissowa, Suppl. I, cols. 223-24; Schwarz, Iran, repr. 1969, pp. 959ff.).” 
  • Roy, Olivier (2000). The New Central Asia. New York University Press. pp. 6. ISBN 978-1-84511-552-4. The mass of the Oghuz who crossed the Amu Darya towards the west left the Iranian plateaux, which remained Persian, and established themselves more to the west, in Anatolia. Here they divided into Ottomans, who were Sunni and settled, and Turkmens, who were nomads and in part Shiite (or, rather, Alevi). The latter were to keep the name 'Turkmen' for a long time: from the 13th century onwards they 'Turkised' the Iranian populations of Azerbaijan (who spoke west Iranian languages such as Tat, which is still found in residual forms), thus creating a new identity based on Shiism and the use of Turkish. These are the people today known as Azeris.
  • Arkelova, Victoria (2015). "On the Number of Iranian Turkophones". Iran and the Caucasus. 19 (3): 279. The main body of the Iranian Turkophone mass generally consists of two parts: proper Turkic groups—the Turkmen (from 0,5 to 1 million), partially the Qashqays (around 300,000), as well as Khalajes (currently Persian-speakers living in Save, near Tehran); and the Turkic-speaking population of the Iranian origin, predominantly the Azaris, inhabiting the north-west provinces of Iran roughly covering historical Aturpātakān.
  • Matthee, Rudi (2005). The Pursuit of Pleasure: Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500-1900. Princeton Universty Press. pp. 18. ISBN 978-1-4008-3260-6. The Safavids, as Iranians of Kurdish ancestry and of nontribal background (...)
  • "Ṣafavid Dynasty". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. (2009). Oxford University Press. “Of Kurdish ancestry, the Ṣafavids started as a Sunnī mystical order (...)” 
  • Matthee, Rudi (2008). "SAFAVID DYNASTY". Encyclopædia Iranica.  “As Persians of Kurdish ancestry and of a non-tribal background, the Safavids (...)” 
  • Savory, Roger (2008). "EBN BAZZĀZ". Encyclopædia Iranica VIII. Fasc. 1..  “This official version contains textual changes designed to obscure the Kurdish origins of the Safavid family and to vindicate their claim to descent from the Imams.” 
  • Savory, Roger (1980). Iran under the Safavids. Cambridge University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-521-04251-2. Why is there such confusion about the origins of this important dynasty, which reasserted Iranian identity and established an independent Iranian state after eight and a half centuries of rule by foreign dynasties?
  • Fyre, Richard (1960). Persia. Vol. 5. Routledge. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-136-84154-5. Morerecently, in World War II, contact with brethren in Soviet Azerbaijan likewise were not overly cordial since the Persian Azeris are committed to Iranian culture and consider their destiny to be with the Persians rather than with other Turks.
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