Island dwarfism
Island dwarfism, or insular dwarfism,[1] is the reduction in size of large animals over a number of generations.
The same process can happen in evolution on a mainland: an example is the evolution of the dwarfed marmosets and tamarins among New World monkeys. The smallest member is Cebuella pygmaea.[2]
The main cause is their population's range being limited to a small environment, and this happens most often on islands. This process has occurred many times throughout evolutionary history. Examples include dinosaurs, like Europasaurus, and modern animals such as elephants and their relatives.
This process may occur not only on traditional islands, but also in other situations where an ecosystem is isolated from external resources and breeding. This may include caves, desert oases, isolated valleys and isolated mountains ("sky islands"). Insular dwarfism is one aspect of the more general "island rule": when mainland animals colonize islands, small species tend to evolve larger bodies, perhaps because the island may not have key predators. On the other hand large species may evolve smaller bodies because food supplies are limited.
Possible causes of island dwarfism
There are several proposed explanations for the mechanism which produces such dwarfism.[3][4]
One is based on the idea that a smaller territory means a smaller food supply. A process where only smaller animals trapped on the island survive, as food declines to a borderline level. Population declines and, as smaller animals need fewer resources and smaller territories, they will survive longer. Eventually food sources replenish, and the survivors flourish. Smaller size is also advantageous from a reproductive standpoint, as it leads to shorter gestation periods and generation times.[3]
Among carnivores, the main factor is thought to be the size and availability of prey resources, and competition is believed to be less important.[4] In tiger snakes, insular dwarfism occurs on islands where available prey is restricted to smaller sizes than are normally taken by mainland snakes. Since prey size preference in snakes is generally proportional to body size, small snakes may be better adapted to take small prey.[5]
Naming
The occurrence of small species on islands is known as Foster's Rule, and was first used by van Valen in 1973.[6][7][8]
Island Dwarfism Media
Skeletons of Malta's extinct Palaeoloxodon falconeri, the smallest known species of elephant. Adult males measured about one meter in shoulder height and weighed about 305 kg. Females were smaller.
Tapuiasaurus
Skull of Europasaurus holgeri.
Size comparison of Giraffatitan brancai to a human. Each grid segment represents 1 square meter.
Sizecomparison between the sauropod dinosaur Magyarosaurus and a human. Magyarosaurus is one of the smallest sauropods known to science.
Rapetosaurus krausei, a titanosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar, pencil drawing, digital coloring
The titanosaurian sauropod Lirainosaurus astibiae Sanz, Powell, Le Loeuff, Martínez, and Pereda Suberbiola, 1999 from the Late Cretaceous of Laño (northern Spain), paratypic braincase (MCNA 7439). Right lateral, left lateral, posterior, and anterior views.
Life restoration
Epachtosaurus Sciuttoi
References
- ↑ Prothero D.R. & Sereno P.C. 1982. (1982). "Allometry and paleoecology of medial Miocene dwarf rhinoceroses from the Texas Gulf coastal plain". Paleobiology. 8 (1): 16–30. doi:10.1017/S0094837300004322. JSTOR 2400564. S2CID 88464305.
- ↑ Perelman P. et al 2011. (2011). "A molecular phylogeny of living primates". PLOS Genetics. 7 (3): 1–17. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001342. PMC 3060065. PMID 21436896.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Van Den Bergh, G.D.; Awe, Rokhus Due; Morwood, M.J.; Sutikna, T.; Jatmiko; Wahyu Saptomo, E. (2008). "The youngest stegodon remains in Southeast Asia from the Late Pleistocene archaeological site Liang Bua, Flores, Indonesia". Quaternary International. 182 (1): 16–48. Bibcode:2008QuInt.182...16V. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2007.02.001.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Raia P. 2006. (2006). "The island rule in large mammals: paleontology meets ecology". Evolution. 60 (8): 1731–1742. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb00516.x. PMID 17017072. S2CID 26853128.
- ↑ Keogh, J. S.; Scott, I. A.; Hayes, C. (2005). "Rapid and repeated origin of insular gigantism and dwarfism in Australian tiger snakes". Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution. 59 (1): 226–233. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb00909.x. PMID 15792242. S2CID 58524.
- ↑ Foster J.B. 1964. The evolution of mammals on islands. Nature. 202 (#4929): p234–235.
- ↑ Van Valen, Leigh (1973). "Body Size and Numbers of Plants and Animals". Evolution. 27 (1): 27–35. doi:10.2307/2407116. JSTOR 2407116. PMID 28563673.
- ↑ Lokatis, Sophie; Jeschke, Jonathan M. (2018). "The island rule: An assessment of biases and research trends". Journal of Biogeography. 45 (2): 289–303. doi:10.1111/jbi.13160. S2CID 90698418.