Khwarazmid invasions and Kurdish regional defense
| Kurdish resistance against Khwarazmid invasion (1217) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Khwarazmid invasions and Kurdish regional defense | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
| Kurds of Zagros | Khwarazmid Empire | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
| Unknown | Troops sent by Ala ad-Din Muhammad II | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | ||||||||
| Province of Kurdistan established in 12th century by Sultan Sanjar, governed by his nephew Sulayman. Included Hamadan, Dinawar, Kermanshah, Sanandaj, and Sharazur.[1][2] | |||||||||
Battle
In 1217, the Kurdish forces of the Zagros region successfully repelled the invading troops dispatched from Hamadan by Ala ad-Din Muhammad II, the Khwarazmid shah.[3][4] The Kurds utilized their familiarity with the mountainous terrain to ambush and defeat the Khwarazmid forces in a significant regional conflict.[5]
Aftermath
Following their victory, the Kurds maintained control over the Kurdistan province, which was administered by Sulayman, the nephew of Sultan Sanjar.[6][7] This solidified Kurdish political autonomy in the region during a period of regional upheaval.[8]
Legacy
The establishment of Kurdistan province by Sultan Sanjar in the 12th century marked an important moment in Kurdish political history.[9] The successful defense against the Khwarazmid invasion demonstrated the military capabilities of the Kurdish tribes in the Zagros mountains.[10] This legacy influenced later Kurdish governance and regional identity.[11][12]
References
- ↑ Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor, ed. (1913–1936). [Khwarazmid invasions and Kurdish regional defense at Google Books "Kurds"]. Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 4 (1st ed.). Brill. p. 1140. ISBN 9004097902. OCLC 258059134.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Check|url=value (help) - ↑ Bruinessen, Martin van (1992). The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview. Routledge. p. 15. ISBN 9780415070600.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: checksum (help) - ↑ Bosworth, C.E., ed. (2012). "Khwarazmshahs". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill. Retrieved 2025-07-09.
- ↑ Frye, Richard N. (1984). The History of Ancient Iran. G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 276.
- ↑ Natali, Denise (2003). "The Kurds and the State: Evolving National Identity in Iraq, Turkey, and Iran". Middle East Journal. 57 (4): 520–525.
- ↑ Bosworth, C.E., ed. (2012). "Sanjar". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill. Retrieved 2025-07-09.
- ↑ Savory, Roger M. (2007). Iran under the Safavids. Cambridge University Press. p. 12.
- ↑ McDowall, David (2004). A Modern History of the Kurds. I.B. Tauris. p. 33. ISBN 9781860647900.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: checksum (help) - ↑ Minorsky, Vladimir, ed. (2012). "Kurdistan". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill. Retrieved 2025-07-09.
- ↑ Olson, Robert (1996). The Kurdish Nationalist Movement in the 1990s: Its Impact on Turkey and the Middle East. University Press of Kentucky. p. 5.
- ↑ Natali, Denise (2005). The Kurds and the State: Evolving National Identity in Iraq, Turkey, and Iran. University of Washington Press. p. 12.
- ↑ McDowall, David (2001). "The Kurds: A Nation on the Move". Current History. 100 (648): 385–391.