Kin selection
Kin selection or kin altruism is a form of natural selection. Some animals cooperate with relatives, even if this brings risk to themselves. The classic example of this is seen in the family life of mammals, or in colonial insects such as ants.
Many mammals and birds raise alarms to warn others of danger. Others cooperate in tasks, such as scrub jays help each other with to build nests. In all these cases where animals cooperate, the question is whether there is any biological benefit to themselves. It is now clear that there is benefit if the animals are closely related. This is because related organisms have (to a degree) a shared genetic inheritance.
The first to write about the concept were by R.A. Fisher in 1930,[1] and J.B.S. Haldane in 1955,[2] but it was W.D. Hamilton who truly formalized the concept.[3][4] The actual term kin selection was probably coined by John Maynard Smith, when he wrote:
- "These processes I will call kin selection and group selection respectively. Kin selection has been discussed by Haldane and by Hamilton... By kin selection I mean the evolution of characteristics which favour the survival of close relatives of the affected individual.[5]
By cooperating, relatives influence each other's fitness. Under natural selection, a gene which improves the fitness of individuals will increase in frequency. A gene which lowers the fitness of individuals will become rare.
However, behaviour which enhances the fitness of relatives but lowers that of the actor,[6] may nonetheless increase in frequency. Relatives do, by definition, carry many of the same genes. This is the fundamental principle behind the theory of kin selection. According to the theory, the enhanced fitness of relatives may more than compensate for the fitness loss of the helpers (individuals displaying the behaviour).
This is a special case of a more general model, called inclusive fitness.
Hamilton's equation
Hamilton's equation describes whether or not a gene for helping behaviour will spread in a population.[7] The gene will spread if rxb is greater than c:
- [math]\displaystyle{ rb \gt c \ }[/math]
where:
- [math]\displaystyle{ c \ }[/math] is the reproductive cost to the helper,
- [math]\displaystyle{ b \ }[/math] is the reproductive benefit to the receiver, and
- [math]\displaystyle{ r \ }[/math] is the probability, above the population average, of the individuals sharing an altruistic gene[8] – the "degree of relatedness".
Kin Selection Media
The co-operative behaviour of social insects like the honey bee can be explained by kin selection.
Charles Darwin wrote that selection could be applied to the family as well as to the individual.
The evolutionary biologist John Maynard Smith used the term "kin selection" in 1964.
Kin recognition: theory predicts that bearers of a trait (like the fictitious 'green beard') will behave altruistically towards others with the same trait.
Vervet monkeys behave in ways that imply kin selection.
Families are important in human behaviour, but kin selection may be based on closeness and other cues.
Morning glory plants grow smaller roots when next to kin than to non-kin plants.
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References
- ↑ Fisher, R.A. (1930). The genetical theory of natural selection. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- ↑ Haldane, J.B.S. (1955). "Population genetics". New Biology. 18: 34–51.
- ↑ Hamilton, W.D. (1963). "The evolution of altruistic behavior". American Naturalist. 97 (896): 354–356. doi:10.1086/497114. S2CID 84216415.
- ↑ Hamilton, W.D. (1964). "The genetical evolution of social behavior". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 7 (1): 1–52. Bibcode:1964JThBi...7....1H. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(64)90038-4. PMID 5875341. S2CID 5310280.
- ↑ Maynard Smith, John (1964). "Group selection and kin selection". Nature. 201 (4924): 1145–1147. Bibcode:1964Natur.201.1145S. doi:10.1038/2011145a0. S2CID 4177102.
- ↑ Individual displaying the behaviour.
- ↑ Hamilton W.D. 1996. Narrow roads of geneland: the collected papers of W.D. Hamilton, vol 1. Freeman, Oxford.
- ↑ Gene(s) which promote helping behaviour.