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Death of Mark Duggan

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Mark Duggan, a 29-year-old who lived in Tottenham, north London, was shot in Tottenham by a Metropolitan Police officer on 4 August 2011. Police had been trying to arrest Duggan because he had been carrying a handgun and they thought he was planning to shoot someone. Duggan died at the scene from a bullet wound to his chest. The 2011 England riots started on 6 August 2011 because some criminals used Duggan's death as an excuse to burgle shops and set fire to things. They lasted until 11 August 2011. Five people were killed.

On 31 January 2013, Kevin Hutchinson-Foster was found guilty of giving Duggan a gun and was sent to prison.[1]

An inquest into Duggan's death began on 16 September 2013. On 8 January 2014 a jury decided that his death was a lawful killing. It was decided that it was lawful because the police officer who shot Duggan told the jury he believed that Duggan was holding a gun and was going to shoot it. Witness B said that Duggan was not holding a gun. He said that Duggan was holding a mobile phone.[2] There was a gun in a sock 10–14 feet away from where Duggan was shot. The sock and the gun did not have Duggan's DNA on them.[3] Duggan's family were angry about the jury's verdict.[4]

On 11 January there was a vigil for Duggan outside Tottenham police station. Hundreds of prostesters were there.[5]

Background

Tension with police

There was tension between black people and the police in Tottenham before and since the Broadwater Farm riot in 1985.[6]

Duggan

Duggan was born on 15 September 1981 to a white mother, Pamela Duggan, and a black father, Bruno Hall. He grew up in Broadwater Farm. At age 13, he left home to live with one of his maternal aunts in Manchester.[7] Duggan had three children with his partner Semone Wilson at the time of his death, as well as three other children by other women.[8][9]

After his death police and other people said that he was a drug dealer. His family and friends said that he was not.[10] Tony Thompson of the London Evening Standard wrote that Duggan may have been one of the first members of North London's "Star Gang".[11] Duggan's family said that "He was not a gang member and he had no criminal record." Duggan had been convicted of having cannabis in 2000 and having things that he knew had been stolen in 2007.[12] The Daily Mail said that he had also been arrested many times. The things he was arrested for included the murder of Gavin Smith and attempted murder. He was not charged with the murder of Smith because there was not enough evidence.[13]

In March 2011 Duggan's cousin had been stabbed to death at a nightclub. Some people said that this made Duggan want to carry a gun.[14]

Duggan was under investigation by Operation Trident.[15] "Trident have jammed me," he wrote in a text message minutes before his death.[16]

Shooting

Officers of the Metropolitan Police Service stopped a cab that was carrying Duggan as a passenger at about 6:15pm on 4 August 2011. They did this because they had been told that Duggan had a gun. A firearms officer said that Duggan got out of the cab and pulled a gun from his waistband.[17] He then ran away. Police shot him twice. An eyewitness said that Duggan "was shot while he was pinned to the floor by police."[18] Paramedics came, but he died before he could be taken to hospital. A 9mm gun was found 10–14 feet away from where Duggan was shot on the other side of the fence. Witnesses told the IPCC that they saw police throw the gun over the fence.[19]

Aftermath

Police waited a day and a half to tell Duggan's family to tell them that Duggan was dead.[20]

Riots

The 2011 riots started with the peaceful protest of Duggan's death. At about 5:30pm on 6 August 2011, Duggan's family and people living in the area marched from Broadwater Farm to Tottenham Police Station. They chanted "we want answers". Around 8pm a 16-year-old girl was beaten by police with a baton. A witness said that she had thrown something at the police. Around 8:20pm members of a crowd waiting to speak to a police officer set fire to two police cars.[21] The next day people rioted in other areas of London. Most of the rioters were young men. On August 9 a man died after being shot in Croydon on August 8.[22] On August 10 three men were killed in a hit-and-run.[23] A man died on 8 August from injuries from an attack by a mob.[24] By 15 August 2011, about 3,100 people had been arrested.[25]

Media coverage

Duggan's death quickly became a big news story. Duggan was called a 'gangster' and a 'thug' by the Daily Mail.[13] On September 8 2011 an article by Martin Samuda, a friend of Duggan, was published in The Guardian.[26] Duggan's brother Shaun Hall also wrote an article for The Guardian in September 2013 which said that Duggan's family did not trust the police anymore.[27]

Funeral

On 9 September 2011 there was a funeral for Duggan. Thousands of people were there.[28]

Father's death

In 2012 Duggan's father died from cancer.[29]

Inquest

A public inquest into Duggan's death started on 16 September 2013. The jury learned that Duggan had been killed by a 9mm hollow-point round. A hollow-point bullet.[30] Two witnesses said that they saw a police officer move something from the minicab to the place where the gun was found.[31] Duggan's lawyers argued that police had put the gun found near where Duggan was killed there to make Duggan's killing look lawful.[32] The officer who killed Duggan said Duggan was still holding a gun when both shots were fired.[33] 9 of the jury decided that Mark Duggan threw the firearm on to the grass.[34]

Protests

On 11 December 2013 students protested outside the Royal Courts of Justice during the inquest.[35]

Verdict

On 8 January 2014 the jury decided that Duggan's death had been a lawful killing. People living in Tottenham said that there may be more riots because of this.[36]

Death Of Mark Duggan Media

  • Ferry Lane, Tottenham Hale, location of the shooting

  • The remains of the House of Reeves furniture store in Croydon after it was destroyed in an arson attack during the 2011 England riots, which broke out in the events following Duggan's death

  • Protesters with Mark Duggan banner, 26 October 2013

References

  1. ↑ "ITN News » Man guilty of supplying Duggan gun". Archived from the original on 2013-02-06. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
  2. ↑ Casciani, Dominic (9 January 2014). "Mark Duggan: The legal options". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-25671401. 
  3. ↑ Dodd, Vikram (19 November 2011). "New questions raised over Duggan shooting" – via www.theguardian.com.
  4. ↑ Dodd, Vikram (8 January 2014). "Mark Duggan family reacts with fury to inquest verdict of lawful killing" – via www.theguardian.com.
  5. ↑ "Hundreds gather at vigil for Mark Duggan, as Police warn against protesters who provoke trouble". HeraldScotland.
  6. ↑ "London riots: Tensions behind unrest revealed". BBC News. 7 August 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14436529. Retrieved 2011-08-09. 
  7. ↑ "Mourners in bling and farewell salutes as man whose shooting sparked riots is buried". Mail Online. 9 September 2011.
  8. ↑ Shot man who sparked violence grew up on Broadwater Farm. 8 August 2011. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/shot-man-who-sparked-violence-grew-up-on-broadwater-farm-3b7d33c8mvm. 
  9. ↑ Prodger, Matt (8 January 2014). "Profile: Who was Mark Duggan?". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-25363828. 
  10. ↑ Barkham, Patrick; Henley, Jon (8 August 2011). "Mark Duggan: profile of Tottenham police shooting victim" – via www.theguardian.com.
  11. ↑ "When I grew up in Tottenham, we stole sweets; now it's revenge". Evening Standard. 9 August 2011.
  12. ↑ "Duggan 'one of 48 most violent'". BBC News. 23 September 2013. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-24210480. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Mark Duggan: Thug whose death sparked riots". Mail Online. 8 January 2014.
  14. ↑ "Man 'shot by police' was friends with nightclub stab victim". www.voice-online.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2018-03-14. Retrieved 2019-02-15.
  15. ↑ "Q&A: Operation Trident", BBC, 14 September 2006.
  16. ↑ "Tottenham shooting victim: 'police have jammed me up'". www.voice-online.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2019-03-22. Retrieved 2019-02-15.
  17. ↑ "Duggan 'pulled gun from trousers'". BBC News. 20 September 2012. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-19662526. 
  18. ↑ A death at the hands of police – and a vigil that turned to. 8 August 2011. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/a-death-at-the-hands-of-police-ndash-and-a-vigil-that-turned-to-violence-2333590.html. 
  19. ↑ Dodd, Vikram; Taylor, Diane (12 December 2011). "Mark Duggan's family have little confidence in police probe, court hears" – via www.theguardian.com.
  20. ↑ "Police apologise to Duggan family". www.voice-online.co.uk.
  21. ↑ Lewis, Paul (7 August 2011). "Tottenham riots: a peaceful protest, then suddenly all hell broke loose" – via www.theguardian.com.
  22. ↑ Shot man dies after London rioting. https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/shot-man-dies-after-london-rioting-28644759.html. 
  23. ↑ Butt, Riazat; Wainwright, Martin (10 August 2011). "Birmingham riots: intense anger after deaths of three young men" – via www.theguardian.com.
  24. ↑ "Man held over Ealing riot death". BBC News. 12 August 2011. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-14500869. 
  25. ↑ "England's week of riots". BBC News. 15 August 2011. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14532532. 
  26. ↑ Samuda, Martin (8 September 2011). "Farewell my friend, Mark Duggan - Martin Samuda" – via www.theguardian.com.
  27. ↑ Hall, Shaun (16 September 2013). "My brother Mark Duggan was shot dead two years ago. But we still don't know why - Shaun Hall" – via www.theguardian.com.
  28. ↑ Walker, Peter; Muir, Hugh; Topping, Alexandra (9 September 2011). "Thousands gather for Mark Duggan funeral" – via www.theguardian.com.
  29. ↑ "Mark Duggan's father dies". www.voice-online.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2016-09-11. Retrieved 2019-02-15.
  30. ↑ Halliday, Josh (14 November 2013). "Bullet that killed Mark Duggan 'had only recently been authorised for use'" – via www.theguardian.com.
  31. ↑ "New evidence backs theory police planted Mark Duggan gun". www.voice-online.co.uk.
  32. ↑ "Mark Duggan inquest to hear 'police planted gun' evidence". www.voice-online.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2018-07-13. Retrieved 2019-02-15.
  33. ↑ Halliday, Josh (18 November 2013). "Duggan inquest: police evidence 'fails to explain how gun was found 20ft away'" – via www.theguardian.com.
  34. ↑ "Transcript of the Hearing 8 January 2014 - Inquest into the death of Mark Duggan". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 2 October 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  35. ↑ "Protests in London as students make 'cops off campus' rallying call -". Evening Standard. 11 December 2013.
  36. ↑ Topping, Alexandra (8 January 2014). "Mark Duggan verdict may spark more riots, say furious Tottenham residents" – via www.theguardian.com.
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