Pogrom
A pogrom[a] is a form of riot that targets an ethnic or a religious group.[1]
In a pogrom, rioters attack a group of people, usually Jews, because of that group's ethnicity or religion.[1][2] In a pogrom, the local authorities such as the police do not arrest the rioters and do not help the victims.[3]
Rioters destroy the homes, businesses, and places of worship of the target group. People of the target group are physically attacked and usually some are murdered.[1][2]
Examples
The Kishinev pogrom of 1903 was an anti-Jewish riot in the Russian Empire that resulted in the deaths of dozens of Jews.[4] A second pogrom followed in the city in October 1905.
Kristallnacht was a 1938 pogrom that affected tens of thousands of Jews in Nazi Germany. It was a major event leading up to the Holocaust.[5][6][7]
Pogrom Media
Pluenderung der Judengasse 1614
The 1921 Tulsa race massacre, which destroyed the wealthiest black community in the United States, has been described as a pogrom.
Victims of a pogrom in Kishinev, Bessarabia, 1903
Map of pogroms in Ukraine between 1918 and 1920 per casualties
A massacre of Armenians and Assyrians in the city of Adana, Ottoman Empire, April 1909
Iași pogrom in Romania, June 1941
Jewish woman chased by men and youth armed with clubs during the Lviv pogroms, July 1941
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Related pages
Footnotes
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2
- Pogrom | Meaning, History, & Facts. Britannica (September 23, 2024). Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- Pogroms | Holocaust Encyclopedia. Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- Pogroms. Encyclopédie d’histoire numérique de l’Europe. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- What Were Pogroms?. My Jewish Learning. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- "Global leaders react to Amsterdam pogrom". The Jerusalem Post. November 8, 2024. https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-828122. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1
- Klier, John D.. Racist Violence in Europe (1993). p. 128–138. ISBN 978-0-333-60102-0. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-23034-1_9. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
- Dekel-Chen, Jonathan. Anti-Jewish violence: rethinking the pogrom in East European history (2010)Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-00478-9. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
- Brass, Paul R. Riots and pogroms (2016)Springer. ISBN 978-1-349-24867-4. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
- Bemporad, Elissa. Legacy of blood: Jews, pogroms, and ritual murder in the lands of the Soviets (2019). USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-046645-9. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
- Becker, Sascha O.. Persecution, pogroms and genocide: A conceptual framework and new evidence. Explorations in Economic History 86 (101471) (August 10, 2022). doi:10.1016/j.eeh.2022.101471. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
- ↑ Klier, John. Pogroms (2010)YIVO Institute for Jewish Research.
- ↑ Zipperstein, Steven J.. The pogrom that transformed 20th-century Jewry. Harvard Gazette (2009-04-16). Retrieved 2025-12-06.
- ↑
- Pogrom: November 1938 – Testimonies from 'Kristallnacht'. The Wiener Holocaust Library. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- 9 November 1938/"Kristallnacht" | Jewish Museum Berlin. Jüdisches Museum Berlin. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- The Kielce Pogrom: A Blood Libel Massacre of Holocaust Survivors. Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- O'Neill, Brendan. After the Pogrom: 7 October, Israel and the Crisis of Civilisation (2024)Spiked. ISBN 978-1068719301. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- O'Neill, Brendan (November 8, 2024). "Pogroms have returned to Europe, and the 'anti-racist' Left are silent". The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/11/08/pogrom-amsterdam-football-fans-violence-jews. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- ↑
- Bauer, Yehuda. Western Society After The Holocaust (1984)Routledge. p. 39–67. ISBN 9780429267475. doi:10.4324/9780429267475-3. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- Allen, William Sheridan. Western Society After The Holocaust (1984)Routledge. p. 69–106. ISBN 9780429267475. doi:10.4324/9780429267475-4. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- Bodemann, Y. Michal. Jews, Germans, Memory: Reconstructions of Jewish Life in Germany (1996)University of Michigan Press. ISBN 9780472105847. doi:10.3998/mpub.14841. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- Cohen, Ethan Jared. From Castile to Kristallnacht: The Similarities in the Events Preceding the Spanish Inquisition and the Nazi Holocaust. University of Michigan Library (2011). Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- Steinweis, Alan E.. Violence, Memory, and History (2014)Routledge. p. 151–162. ISBN 9781315879567. doi:10.4324/9781315879567-9. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- ↑
- Bodemann, Y Michal. Jews, Germans, Memory: Reconstructions of Jewish Life in Germany (1996)University of Michigan Press. p. 191. ISBN 0-472-10584-1. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
- Deem, James. Kristallnacht: The Nazi Terror that Began the Holocaust (2012)Enslow Publishing, LLC. ISBN 978-0-7660-3324-5. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
- Meyer, Beate. Jews in Nazi Berlin: From Kristallnacht to Liberation (2009)University of Chicago Press. doi:10.7208/9780226521596. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
