Research and development
Research and development (R&D) refers to a wide range of activities by businesses, governments and academic institutions designed to gather knowledge and test new ideas.[1] This often leads to the development of new products or new ways of doing things.[2][3] R&D generally has three main activities.[4] These are: basic research, applied research and development.[4] Basic research is aimed at getting new knowledge with no immediate use or purpose in mind.[4] Applied research is just the opposite. It is research for a definite purpose or product.[4] Development has more to do with adding features to a product. Often, development is a process of eliminating all but the best idea to arrive at the best solution.[5] Basic and applied research costs are often written off as expenses while the costs of development are added to the cost of the product.[6] R&D often results in owning intellectual property such as patents.[6] In Europe, R&D is called research and technical/technological development (RTD).[3]
In 2015, Volkswagen was the world's leading spender in R&D[7]
Research And Development Media
- Cycle of Research and Development.svg
Cycle of research and development
- Spending on research and development as share of GDP, OWID.svg
Spending on research and development as share of GDP (2015)
- Mercedes Benz Research Development North America (13896037060).jpg
Mercedes Benz Research Development North America (13896037060)
- The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (9416811752).jpg
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California
Learning Research and Development Center, Pittsburg
- Mercedes Benz Research Development North America (13896049248).jpg
Mercedes Benz Research Development North America
- National Museum of the U.S. Air Force-Research and Development Gallery.jpg
National Museum of the U.S. Air Force-Research and Development Gallery
- Microsoft Israel R&D Center LTD. (4).jpg
Microsoft Israel R&D Center
- General Motors R&D center, Herzliya.jpg
General Motors R&D, Israel
References
- ↑ Rodney Michael. "What is Research and Development? - Definition, Methods & Examples". Study.com. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
- ↑ Wragg, David W. (1973). A Dictionary of Aviation (first ed.). Osprey. p. 223. ISBN 9780850451634.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Research And Development - R&D". Investopedia. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Bronwyn H. Hall (December 2006). "Research and Development" (PDF). Economics Laboratory, University of California; Berkeley. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
- ↑ Bradford Goldense (16 September 2014). "What's The Difference Between Research and Development?". Machine Design. Penton. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "research and development (R&D)". Business Dictionary. WebFinance Inc. Archived from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
- ↑ "The top innovators and spenders". Strategy&. PwC. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
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