Radiolaria

A group illustration of one of the
Radiolarian superfamilies (from Haekel).

Radiolaria are amoeboid protists which produce mineral skeletons. The skeletons, usually of silica (SiO₂), have a central capsule. This divides the cell into inner and outer portions, called endoplasm and ectoplasm.

Radiolaria are found as zooplankton throughout the ocean, and their skeletal remains cover large portions of the ocean floor as radiolarian ooze. Radiolaria have existed since the beginning of the Palaeozoic era. They take their name from the radial symmetry of most species. They are valuable markers or diagnostic fossils, because they have a rapid turn-over of species. This helps to identify strata, and to correlate strata at different sites.

Radiolaria are heterotrophs (eat other things), but also may include protist algae as endosymbionts.

Structure

The skeletons of radiolarians are generally organized around spicules, or spines, which extend from the main skeletal mass. Formed from the fusion of many of these spines is the outermost skeleton, the shell or test. Connecting this shell to the many concentrically organized inner shells are bars or beams, which strengthen and support the structure.

The nuclei and most other organelles are in the endoplasm, while the ectoplasm is filled with frothy vacuoles and lipid droplets, keeping them buoyant. Often it also contains symbiotic algae which provide much of the cell's energy. Not much is known about the living amoebae because they cannot be cultured in the laboratory.

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  Radiolarian shells are extremely varied. This is just one family, the Cyrtoidea.

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  Shows the cells inside the shells (Report of the Challenger Expedition 1873-76)

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  Important fossils in marine sediments are the hard parts of single celled organisms. Their shells are made out of silica (radiolaria (a, 350µm) and diatoms (b, 50µm); or out of calcium carbonate (foraminifera (c, 400µm) and coccoliths (d, 15µm).

Radiolaria Media

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  Mikrofoto.de-Radiolarien-3

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  Haeckel Spumellaria detail

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  Acantharian radiolarian Xiphacantha (Haeckel)

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  Radiolaria Sticholonche ventricosa

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  Radiolarian biogeography with observed and predicted responses to temperature change The color polygons in all three panels represent generalized radiolarian biogeographic provinces, as well as their relative water mass temperatures (cooler colors indicate cooler temperatures, and vice versa). Globe image adapted from NASA Blue Marble: Next Generation imagery.
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  Animation of radiolarian diversity 
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  Circogonia icosahedra, radiolarian species shaped like a regular icosahedron

Other websites

• NHM rotating glass model