Rhizaria
The Rhizaria are a supergroup of mostly unicellular eukaryotes.[1][2] A multicellular form has recently been described.[3]
| Rhizaria Temporal range: Neoproterozoic - Recent
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|---|---|
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| Ammonia tepida (Foraminifera) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Unrecognized taxon (fix): | Rhizaria |
| Phyla | |
This supergroup was proposed by Cavalier-Smith in 2002.[4] It has many species. They vary considerably in form, but for the most part they are amoeba-like with pseudopods. Many produce shells or skeletons, which may be quite complex in structure. They make up the vast majority of protozoan fossils. Nearly all have mitochondria with folds.
Groups
There are three main groups of Rhizaria:[5]
- Cercozoa – Various amoebae and flagellates, usually with pseudopods and common in soil
- Foraminifera – Amoeboids with reticulose pseudopods, common as marine benthos
- Radiolaria – Amoeboids with skeletons, common as marine plankton
Rhizaria Media
Skeleton of a en:polycystine en:radiolarian, from nasa.gov
Tests of foraminifera extracted sand from the beach of Ngapali (Myanmar)
Acantharia confocial micrograph 2
Radiolaria Sticholonche ventricosa
Chlorarachnion reptans Grell 1990 / from Amami-Oshima, Kagoshima Pref., Japan / Microscope:Leica DMRD (DIC)
A variety of marine flagellates from the genera (left to right) Cryptaulax, Abollifer, Bodo, Rhynchomonas, Kittoksia, Allas, and Metromonas
Cercomonas sp. / from Lake Yuniko, Nikko, Tochigi Pref., Japan / Microscope:Leica DMRD (DIC)
- Circogonia icosahedra (Haeckel) = Circogonia icosahedra Haeckel, 1887 (1a: opening of shell) * Circostephanus coronarius (Haeckel) = Circostephanus coronarius
Euglypha sp. / from Sanbongi-bog, from Yamagata, Yamagata Pref., Japan / SEM:JEOL JSM-6330F
Vampyrella lateritia
References
- ↑ Christopher Taylor (2004). "Rhizaria". Archived from the original on 2009-04-20. Retrieved 2014-07-04.
- ↑ Nikolaev S.I.; et al. (2004). "The twilight of Heliozoa and rise of Rhizaria, an emerging supergroup of amoeboid eukaryotes". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (21): 8066–71. doi:10.1073/pnas.0308602101. PMC 419558. PMID 15148395.
- ↑ Brown; et al. (2012). "Aggregative multicellularity evolved independently in the Eukaryotic Supergroup Rhizaria". Current Biology : Cb. 22 (12): 1123–1127. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.04.021. PMID 22608512. S2CID 17510471.
- ↑ Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2002). "The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 52 (2): 297–354. doi:10.1099/00207713-52-2-297. ISSN 1466-5026. PMID 11931142. Retrieved 2007-06-08.
- ↑ Moreira D.; et al. (2007). "Global eukaryote phylogeny: combined small- and large-subunit ribosomal DNA trees support monophyly of Rhizaria, Retaria and Excavata". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 44 (1): 255–66. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.11.001. PMID 17174576.