Titanium dioxide
Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania /taɪˈteɪniə/, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula TiO2. When used as a pigment, it is called titanium white, Pigment White 6 (PW6), or CI 77891. Generally, it is made from ilmenite, rutile, and anatase. It has a lot of uses, including paint, sunscreen, and food coloring. When used as a food coloring, it has E number E171. 9 million tonnes of it were made in the world in 2014.[3][4] It is used in around two-thirds of all pigments, and pigments based on the oxide have a total value of around $13.2 billion.[5]
| Titanium dioxide | |
|---|---|
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| |
| |
| IUPAC name | Titanium dioxide Titanium(IV) oxide |
| Other names | Titania Rutile Anatase Brookite |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | |
| PubChem | |
| KEGG | C13409 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:32234 |
| RTECS number | XR2775000 |
| SMILES | O=[Ti]=O |
| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | TiO2 |
| Molar mass | 79.866 g/mol |
| Appearance | White solid |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density |
|
| Melting point |
1843 °C, 2116 K, 3349 °F |
| Boiling point | |
| Solubility in water | Insoluble |
| Band gap | 3.05 eV (rutile)[1] |
| +5.9·10−6 cm3/mol | |
| Refractive index (nD) |
|
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std enthalpy of formation ΔfH |
−945 kJ·mol−1[2] |
| Standard molar entropy S |
50 J·mol−1·K−1[2] |
| Hazards | |
| EU classification | Not listed |
| NFPA 704 |
0
1
0
|
| Flash point | not flammable |
| U.S. Permissible exposure limit (PEL) |
TWA 15 mg/m3 |
| Related compounds | |
| Other cations | Zirconium dioxide Hafnium dioxide |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) | |
Titanium Dioxide Media
Structure of anatase. Together with rutile and brookite, one of the three major polymorphs of TiO2.
Industrial key players in the production of titanium dioxide - 2022
Evolution production dioxyde de titane
Relevant patent families describing titanium dioxide production from ilmenite, 2002–2021.
Academic and public institutions having significant patent activity in titanium dioxide production. 2022
Synthetic single crystals of TiO2, ca. 2–3 mm in size, cut from a larger plate
Titanium oxide nanotubes, SEM image
Nanotubes of titanium dioxide (TiO2-Nt) obtained by electrochemical synthesis. The SEM image shows an array of vertical self-ordered TiO2-Nt with closed bottom ends of tubes.
References
- ↑ Nowotny, Janusz (2011). Oxide Semiconductors for Solar Energy Conversion: Titanium Dioxide. CRC Press. p. 156. ISBN 9781439848395.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles 6th Ed. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A23. ISBN 978-0-618-94690-7.
- ↑ "Titanium" in 2014 Minerals Yearbook. USGS
- ↑ "Mineral Commodity Summaries, 2015" (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey. U.S. Geological Survey 2015.
- ↑ Schonbrun, Zach. "The Quest for the Next Billion-Dollar Color". Bloomberg.com. https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2018-quest-for-billion-dollar-red/. Retrieved 2018-04-24.