Extended periodic table

Scientists are trying to make new chemical elements that do not exist yet. In this way, they will extend (lengthen) the periodic table. As of 2023, the element with the highest atomic number is oganesson, element 118. Scientists have tried to make atoms with higher atomic numbers, by smashing smaller atoms together. Scientists have also made predictions about how to make these atoms. There is probably a biggest possible atomic number for any atom. Atoms with a higher atomic number than this cannot exist. However, scientists are not sure what this number is.

Layout

The extended periodic table is a version of the periodic table that is longer than the normal one, making room for future synthetic elements. The inner transition metals are placed between Group 2 and Group 3 on the periodic table. On a normal periodic table, the inner transition metals are below Groups 2 and 3.

**Extended Periodic Table**
(Superheavy elements may not follow the order of this table)
1	1 H																																																					2 He
2	3 Li	4 Be																																															5 B	6 C	7 N	8 O	9 F	10 Ne
3	11 Na	12 Mg																																															13 Al	14 Si	15 P	16 S	17 Cl	18 Ar
4	19 K	20 Ca																																					21 Sc	22 Ti	23 V	24 Cr	25 Mn	26 Fe	27 Co	28 Ni	29 Cu	30 Zn	31 Ga	32 Ge	33 As	34 Se	35 Br	36 Kr
5	37 Rb	38 Sr																																					39 Y	40 Zr	41 Nb	42 Mo	43 Tc	44 Ru	45 Rh	46 Pd	47 Ag	48 Cd	49 In	50 Sn	51 Sb	52 Te	53 I	54 Xe
6	55 Cs	56 Ba																							57 La	58 Ce	59 Pr	60 Nd	61 Pm	62 Sm	63 Eu	64 Gd	65 Tb	66 Dy	67 Ho	68 Er	69 Tm	70 Yb	71 Lu	72 Hf	73 Ta	74 W	75 Re	76 Os	77 Ir	78 Pt	79 Au	80 Hg	81 Tl	82 Pb	83 Bi	84 Po	85 At	86 Rn
7	87 Fr	88 Ra																							89 Ac	90 Th	91 Pa	92 U	93 Np	94 Pu	95 Am	96 Cm	97 Bk	98 Cf	99 Es	100 Fm	101 Md	102 No	103 Lr	104 Rf	105 Db	106 Sg	107 Bh	108 Hs	109 Mt	110 Ds	111 Rg	112 Cn	113 Nh	114 Fl	115 Mc	116 Lv	117 Ts	118 Og
8	119 Uue	120 Ubn	121 Ubu	122 Ubb	123 Ubt	124 Ubq	125 Ubp	126 Ubh	127 Ubs	128 Ubo	129 Ube	130 Utn	131 Utu	132 Utb	133 Utt	134 Utq	135 Utp	136 Uth	137 Uts	138 Uto	139 Ute	140 Uqn	141 Uqu	142 Uqb	143 Uqt	144 Uqq	145 Uqp	146 Uqh	147 Uqs	148 Uqo	149 Uqe	150 Upn	151 Upu	152 Upb	153 Upt	154 Upq	155 Upp	156 Uph	157 Ups	158 Upo	159 Upe	160 Uhn	161 Uhu	162 Uhb	163 Uht	164 Uhq	165 Uhp	166 Uhh	167 Uhs	168 Uho	169 Uhe	170 Usn	171 Usu	172 Usb
9	173 Ust	174 Usq	175 Usp	176 Ush	177 Uss	178 Uso	179 Use	180 Uon	181 Uou	182 Uob	183 Uot	184 Uoq	185 Uop	186 Uoh	187 Uos	188 Uoo	189 Uoe	190 Uen	191 Ueu	192 Ueb	193 Uet	194 Ueq	195 Uep	196 Ueh	197 Ues	198 Ueo	199 Uee	200 Bnn	201 Bnu	202 Bnb	203 Bnt	204 Bnq	205 Bnp	206 Bnh	207 Bns	208 Bno	209 Bne	210 Bun	211 Buu	212 Bub	213 But	214 Buq	215 Bup	216 Buh	217 Bus	218 Buo	219 Bue	220 Bbn	221 Bbu	222 Bbb	223 Bbt	224 Bbq	225 Bbp	226 Bbh

Naming of elements

Each of these predicted elements can be given a name. These names are based on the digits of the atomic number. They were set by IUPAC, and come from Latin and Greek.

0: nill (N)
1: un (U)
2: bi (B)
3: tri (T)
4: quad (Q)
5: pent (P)
6: hex (H)
7: sept (S)
8: oct (O)
9: en (E)

The chemical name and symbol come from these put together, followed by "ium" or "um". For example, element 138 is called untrioctium and has symbol Uto.

An element can also be named by "eka-" followed by the element above it in the periodic table. For example, ununennium can also be called eka-francium.

Predictions

Pekka Pykkö has predicted how atomic orbitals will fill up as atomic number increases. According to this model, element 172 should be the end of the row that starts with element 119.^[1]

Extended Periodic Table Media

Pekka Pyykkö's 172-element (extended) periodic table.
Kulsha's first suggested form
Kulsha's second suggested form
Energy eigenvalues (in eV) for the outermost electrons of elements with Z = 100 through 172, predicted using Dirac–Fock calculations. The − and + signs refer to orbitals with decreased or increased azimuthal quantum number from spin–orbit splitting respectively: p− is p1/2, p+ is p3/2, d− is d3/2, d+ is d5/2, f− is f5/2, f+ is f7/2, g− is g7/2, and g+ is g9/2.
Energy eigenvalues for the 1s, 2s, 2p1/2 and 2p3/2 shells from solutions of the Dirac equation (taking into account the finite size of the nucleus) for Z = 135–175 (–·–), for the Thomas-Fermi potential (—) and for Z = 160–170 with the self-consistent potential (---)

Related pages

References

↑ Pyykkö, Pekka (2011). "A suggested periodic table up to Z ≤ 172, based on Dirac–Fock calculations on atoms and ions". Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13 (1): 161–168. doi:10.1039/C0CP01575J. ISSN 1463-9076. PMID 20967377.

Other websites

Images of g-orbitals Archived 2021-02-11 at the Wayback Machine
jeries.rihani.com Extended periodic table Archived 2020-09-16 at the Wayback Machine
Eric Scerri, The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance, Oxford University Press, 2007.

[1] Pyykkö, Pekka (2011). "A suggested periodic table up to Z ≤ 172, based on Dirac–Fock calculations on atoms and ions". Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13 (1): 161–168. doi:10.1039/C0CP01575J. ISSN 1463-9076. PMID 20967377.

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