View source for Python (programming language)

{{About|the [[programming language]]|the [[snake]]|python}}
{{Infobox programming language
| logo = Python-logo-notext.svg
| logo size = 121px
| paradigm = [[Multi-paradigm programming language|Multi-paradigm]]: [[object-oriented programming|object-oriented]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=General Python FAQ — Python 3.9.2 documentation|url=https://docs.python.org/3/faq/general.html#what-is-python|access-date=2021-03-28|website=docs.python.org|archive-date=24 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024164224/http://docs.python.org/faq/general.html#what-is-python|url-status=live}}</ref> [[procedural programming|procedural]] ([[imperative programming|imperative]]), [[functional programming|functional]], [[structured programming|structured]], [[reflective programming|reflective]]
| released = {{start date and age|1991|02|20|df=y}}<ref name="alt-sources-history">{{cite web |url=https://www.tuhs.org/Usenet/alt.sources/1991-February/001749.html |title=Python 0.9.1 part 01/21 |publisher=alt.sources archives |access-date=2021-08-11 |archive-date=11 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811171015/https://www.tuhs.org/Usenet/alt.sources/1991-February/001749.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| designer = [[Guido van Rossum]]
| developer = [[Python Software Foundation]]
| latest release version = {{wikidata|property|edit|reference|P548=Q2804309|P348}}
| latest release date = {{start date and age|{{wikidata|qualifier|single|P548=Q2804309|P348|P577}}}}
| latest preview version = {{wikidata|property|edit|reference|P548=Q51930650|P348}}
| latest preview date = {{start date and age|{{wikidata|qualifier|single|P548=Q51930650|P348|P577}}}}
| typing = [[duck typing|Duck]], [[dynamic typing|dynamic]], [[strong and weak typing|strong typing]];<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why is Python a dynamic language and also a strongly typed language - Python Wiki|url=https://wiki.python.org/moin/Why%20is%20Python%20a%20dynamic%20language%20and%20also%20a%20strongly%20typed%20language|access-date=2021-01-27|website=wiki.python.org|archive-date=14 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314173706/https://wiki.python.org/moin/Why%20is%20Python%20a%20dynamic%20language%20and%20also%20a%20strongly%20typed%20language|url-status=live}}</ref> [[gradual typing|gradual]] (since 3.5, but ignored in [[CPython]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0483/|title=PEP 483 -- The Theory of Type Hints|website=Python.org|access-date=14 June 2018|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614153558/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0483/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| implementations = [[CPython]], [[PyPy]], [[Stackless Python]], [[MicroPython]], [[CircuitPython]], [[IronPython]], [[Jython]]
| dialects = [[Cython]], [[PyPy#RPython|RPython]], [[Bazel (software)|Starlark]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Starlark Language|url=https://docs.bazel.build/versions/master/skylark/language.html|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=15 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615140534/https://docs.bazel.build/versions/master/skylark/language.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| influenced = [[Apache Groovy]], [[Boo (programming language)|Boo]], [[Cobra (programming language)|Cobra]], [[CoffeeScript]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://coffeescript.org/|title=CoffeeScript|website=coffeescript.org|access-date=3 July 2018|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612100004/http://coffeescript.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[D (programming language)|D]], [[F Sharp (programming language)|F#]], [[Genie (programming language)|Genie]],<ref>{{cite web
 |url=https://wiki.gnome.org/action/show/Projects/Genie
 |title=The Genie Programming Language Tutorial
 |access-date=28 February 2020
 |archive-date=1 June 2020
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601133216/https://wiki.gnome.org/action/show/Projects/Genie
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref> [[Go (programming language)|Go]], [[JavaScript]],<ref>{{cite web
 |title=Perl and Python influences in JavaScript
 |date=24 February 2013
 |website=www.2ality.com
 |url=http://www.2ality.com/2013/02/javascript-influences.html
 |access-date=15 May 2015
 |archive-date=26 December 2018
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226141121/http://2ality.com/2013/02/javascript-influences.html%0A
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 |title=Chapter 3: The Nature of JavaScript; Influences
 |last=Rauschmayer
 |first=Axel
 |website=O'Reilly, Speaking JavaScript
 |url=http://speakingjs.com/es5/ch03.html
 |access-date=15 May 2015
 |archive-date=26 December 2018
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226141123/http://speakingjs.com/es5/ch03.html%0A
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref> [[Julia (programming language)|Julia]],<ref name=Julia/> [[Nim (programming language)|Nim]], Ring,<ref name="The Ring programming language and other languages">{{cite web |url=http://ring-lang.sourceforge.net/doc1.6/introduction.html#ring-and-other-languages |title=Ring and other languages |author=Ring Team |date=4 December 2017 |work=ring-lang.net |publisher=[[ring-lang]] |access-date=4 December 2017 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225175312/http://ring-lang.sourceforge.net/doc1.6/introduction.html#ring-and-other-languages |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]],<ref name="bini"/> [[Swift (programming language)|Swift]],<ref name="lattner2014">{{cite web |url=http://nondot.org/sabre/ |title=Chris Lattner's Homepage |last=Lattner |first=Chris |date=3 June 2014 |access-date=3 June 2014 |publisher=Chris Lattner |quote=The Swift language is the product of tireless effort from a team of language experts, documentation gurus, compiler optimization ninjas, and an incredibly important internal dogfooding group who provided feedback to help refine and battle-test ideas. Of course, it also greatly benefited from the experiences hard-won by many other languages in the field, drawing ideas from Objective-C, Rust, Haskell, Ruby, Python, C#, CLU, and far too many others to list. |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225175312/http://nondot.org/sabre/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[V (programming language)|V (Vlang)]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://github.com/vlang/v/blob/master/doc/docs.md |title=V Documentation|access-date=13 January 2024 |quote=its design has also been influenced by Oberon, Rust, Swift, Kotlin, and Python.}}</ref>
| license = [[Python Software Foundation License]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.python.org/}}
| wikibooks = Python Programming
| influenced_by = [[ABC (programming language)|ABC]],<ref name="faq-created"/> [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archive.adaic.com/standards/83lrm/html/lrm-11-03.html#11.3 | title=Ada 83 Reference Manual (raise statement) | access-date=7 January 2020 | archive-date=22 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022155758/http://archive.adaic.com/standards/83lrm/html/lrm-11-03.html#11.3 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[ALGOL 68]],<ref name="98-interview"/> [[APL (programming language)|APL]],<ref name="python.org">{{cite web|url=https://docs.python.org/3/library/itertools.html|title=itertools — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping — Python 3.7.1 documentation|website=docs.python.org|access-date=22 November 2016|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614153629/https://docs.python.org/3/library/itertools.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[C (programming language)|C]],<ref name="AutoNT-1"/> [[C++]],<ref name="classmix"/> [[CLU (programming language)|CLU]],<ref name="effbot-call-by-object"/> [[Dylan (programming language)|Dylan]],<ref name="AutoNT-2"/> [[Haskell (programming language)|Haskell]],<ref name="AutoNT-3"/> [[Icon (programming language)|Icon]],<ref name="AutoNT-4"/> [[Java (programming language)|Java]],<ref name="AutoNT-5"/> [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]],<ref name="AutoNT-6"/> [[Modula-3]],<ref name="classmix" /> [[Perl]], [[Standard ML]]<ref name="python.org"/>
| operating system = [[Windows]], [[Linux|Linux/UNIX]], [[macOS]] and more<ref>{{cite web|title=Download Python|url=https://www.python.org/downloads/|access-date=2021-05-24|website=Python.org|language=en|archive-date=8 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808035421/https://www.python.org/downloads/|url-status=live}}</ref>
<!-- not put in as also Java implementation (Jython): | programming language = [[C (programming language)|C]] -->| file ext = .py, .pyi, .pyc, .pyd, .pyo (prior to 3.5),<ref>File extension .pyo was removed in Python 3.5. See [https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0488/ PEP 0488] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601133202/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0488/ |date=1 June 2020 }}</ref> {{notatypo|.pyw}}, .pyz (since 3.5)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0441/ |last=Holth |first=Moore |date=30 March 2014 |access-date=12 November 2015 |title=PEP 0441 -- Improving Python ZIP Application Support |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226141117/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0441/%20 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''Python''' is an [[Open source|open-source]] [[programming language]]. It was made as a language that is both easy to work on and understand.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/learn-python-programming-fundamentals-a-beginner-s-guide-updated-2020|title=Learn Python Programming Fundamentals: A Beginner's Guide|last=Simpliv|date=2020}}</ref> It was made by a [[Netherlands|Dutch]] programmer named [[Guido van Rossum]] in 1991, who named it after the [[television program]] [[Monty Python's Flying Circus]].

Python is an interpreted language. This means it does not need to be [[Compiled language|compiled]] before running. A program called an [[Interpreter (computing)|interpreter]] runs Python code on almost any computer. So, a programmer can change the code and quickly see what happens. But this also makes Python slower than compiled languages like C, because it is not changed into [[machine code]] before running. Instead, this happens while the program is running.
== Python use ==
Python is usually used for making websites, automating common tasks, and making charts and graphs. Since it's simple to learn, people who are not computer experts, like bookkeepers and researchers, often learn Python.

Its [[standard library]] is made up of many [[computable function|functions]] that come with Python when it is installed.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-27|title=Python Coding {{!}} Data Basecamp|url=https://databasecamp.de/en/python-coding|access-date=2022-08-29|language=en-US}}</ref> On the [[Internet]], there are many other libraries, which have been examined to provide wonderful ends in varied areas like [[Machine learning|Machine Learning]] (ML), [[Deep learning|Deep Learning]], etc.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yadav|first=Pramod|date=2020-10-09|title=Top 25 Python Libraries For Data Science Projects – My Programming School|url=https://myprogrammingschool.com/top-25-python-libraries-for-data-science-projects-my-programming-school/|access-date=2022-12-22|website=My Programming School}}</ref> These libraries make it a powerful language; it can do many different things.

Python's developers try to avoid changing the language to make it better until they have a lot of things to change. Also, they try not to make small repairs, called patches, to unimportant parts of CPython, the main version of Python, even if the patches would make it faster. When speed is important, a Python programmer can write some of the program in a different language, like C, or use PyPy, a different kind of Python that uses a [[Just-in-time compilation|just-in-time compiler]].

Keeping Python fun to use is an important goal of Python’s developers. It reflects in the language's name, a tribute to the British comedy group Monty Python. Tutorials often take a playful approach, such as referring to spam and eggs instead of the standard [[Foobar|foo and bar]].
== Syntax ==
Some of Python's [[syntax]] comes from [[C (programming language)|C]], because that is the language that Python was written in. But Python uses [[Whitespace (computer science)|whitespace]] to delimit code: spaces or tabs are used to organize code into groups. This is different from C.  In C, there is a [[semicolon]] at the end of each line and curly braces ({}) are used to group code. Using whitespace to delimit code makes Python a very easy-to-read, but hard to manage language.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sah|first=Rocky|date=2022|title=How Python parses white space|url=https://www.codelivly.com/how-python-parses-white-space/|url-status=dead|access-date=|website=Codelivly - A Way For Coders|archive-date=2022-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214123842/https://www.codelivly.com/how-python-parses-white-space/}}</ref>
== Statements and control flow ==
In Python, the assignment statement <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline>myVariable = 42</syntaxhighlight> means that the variable <code>myVariable</code> is set to the [[integer]] 42. The [[Data type|type]] of <code>myVariable</code> is not needed: Python dynamically adapts its type to the given value. For example, replace 42 with the string 'spam'. The statement <syntaxhighlight lang="python" inline>myVariable = 'spam'</syntaxhighlight> would work, but it wouldn't in another language like [[C]] or [[C++]].

Python's statements include the following keywords:
* The <code>if</code> statement runs its first block of code if its condition is met. The optional <code>elif</code> (a contraction of else if) statement runs its block of code if the previous conditions are not met, but its condition is met. The <code>else</code> statement runs the last block of code if none of the previous conditions are met.
* The <code>while</code> statement is a loop. As long as its condition is met, it runs its block of code.
* The <code>for</code> statement is a loop with an index. It iterates over a list and binds each element to the index to use in that block. 
* The <code>def</code> statement defines a function or method.
* The <code>pass</code> statement does nothing.
* The <code>class</code> statement allows the users to create their own type of objects like what integers and strings are.
* The <code>import</code> statement imports Python files for use in the user's code.
* The <code>print</code> statement outputs a message to the console.
== Expressions ==
Python's expressions include some operators that are similar to other programming languages and others that are not:

* Addition <code>+</code>, [[subtraction]] <code>-</code>, [[multiplication]] <code>*</code>, and division <code>/</code>.
* Exponents, represented by <code>**</code>.
* To compare two values, the condition uses <code>==</code>.
* Python uses the words <code>and</code>, <code>or</code>, and <code>not</code> for its boolean expressions.
* To check if a value is in a list, Python uses <code>in</code>.
== Example ==
The following Python program shows "[[Hello World]]!" on the screen:

<syntaxhighlight lang="python3" line>
print("Hello World!")
</syntaxhighlight>

A comment starts with <code>#</code> until the end of the line:
<syntaxhighlight lang="python3" line>
print("Hello World!") # displays: Hello World!
</syntaxhighlight>

When a variable is modified by a number or a word, the programmer does not have to say what is the type of the variable. The assignment (modification) of the variable is dynamic. This makes it easier to reuse the variable, making fast changes simpler. An example of this is shown below. This code will display the number 42 then the string <code>"Hello World!"</code>, using the same variable.

<syntaxhighlight lang="python3" line highlight="4" copy>
myVariable = 42
print(myVariable) # displays: 42

myVariable = "Hello World!"
print(myVariable) # displays: Hello World!
</syntaxhighlight>

In another language like C, a programmer would have to declare whether <code>myVariable</code> is a number or a string before modify it. An error will occur if one changes a number to a string.

Python has easy-to-use functions. The C language requires the type of the function. In Python, the function does not need a type after <code>:</code>.
<syntaxhighlight lang="python3" line highlight="1" copy>
def greeting(name):
    return "Hello, " + name
</syntaxhighlight>
When called with the parameter <code>name</code> as "World!", this function returns the string <code>"Hello, World!"</code>.

<syntaxhighlight lang="python3" line start="3" copy>
print(greeting("World!")) # displays: Hello, World!
</syntaxhighlight>
== Versions ==
<div class="left" style="max-width:100%; overflow:auto;">
{|
| {{#tag: timeline |
ImageSize  = width:800 height:auto barincrement:20
PlotArea   = left:40 right:10 bottom:40 top:10 # specify four margins

TextData =
  pos:(50,140) textcolor:black fontsize:L # pos:(horiz,vertical)
  text:"Versions of Python:"

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period     = from:01/01/2020 till:01/01/2032 # time period displayed in the chart
TimeAxis   = orientation:horizontal

Colors =
  #FDB3AB: not maintained rgb(253, 179, 171) red light prehistoric
  id:out_of_support  value:rgb(0.99, 0.70, 0.67)  legend:Out_of_support

  #FEF8C6: Old maintained  rgb(254, 248, 198) yellow legacy
  id:maintenance     value:rgb(1, 0.97, 0.78)  legend:Maintenance

  #D4F4B4: Current stable  rgb(212, 244, 180) green light stable
  id:in_support      value:rgb(0.83, 0.96, 0.71)  legend:In_support

  #FED1A0: Latest dev      rgb(254, 209, 160) orange avanced
  id:pre_release     value:rgb(1, 0.82, 0.63)  legend:Pre_release

  #C1E6F5: Future release  rgb(193, 230, 245) blue light future
  id:in_development  value:rgb(0.76, 0.90, 0.96)  legend:In_development

  id:colgrMaj   value:gray(0.5) # color MAJOR
  id:colgrMin   value:gray(0.8) # color minor

ScaleMajor = gridcolor:colgrMaj unit:year increment:5 start:01/01/2020
ScaleMinor = gridcolor:colgrMin unit:year increment:1 start:01/01/2020

Define $today = {{#time:d/m/Y}}
LineData= # red line demarcating periods as visual aid for current date
  at:$today color:red width:0.3

PlotData=
  mark:(line,black)
  width:16
  fontsize:S
  shift:(0, -6) # Center version vertically in its bar

  # bar:yAxis from:date    till:date       text:version
  bar:3.15 from:01/10/2026 till:01/10/2031 text:3.15 color:in_development
  bar:3.14 from:07/10/2025 till:01/10/2030 text:3.14 color:in_support
  bar:3.13 from:01/10/2024 till:01/10/2029 text:3.13 color:maintenance
  bar:3.12 from:02/10/2023 till:01/10/2028 text:3.12 color:maintenance
  bar:3.11 from:24/10/2022 till:01/10/2027 text:3.11 color:maintenance
  bar:3.10 from:04/10/2021 till:01/10/2026 text:3.10 color:maintenance
  bar:3.09 from:05/10/2020 till:01/10/2025 text:3.9 color:out_of_support

Legend = columns:1 left:90 top:20 columnwidth:300
}}
|}
</div>

== Python (programming Language) Media ==
<gallery widths='160px' heights='100%' mode='traditional' caption=''>
File:Guido van Rossum in PyConUS24.jpg|The designer of Python, [[Guido van Rossum]], at [[PyCon]] US 2024

File:Python 3.13 Standrd Type Hierarchy-en.svg|The standard type hierarchy in Python&nbsp;3
</gallery>
== References ==
{{reflist|2|refs=

<ref name="faq-created">{{cite web |url=https://docs.python.org/faq/general.html#why-was-python-created-in-the-first-place |title=Why was Python created in the first place? |work=General Python FAQ |publisher=Python Software Foundation |access-date=22 March 2007 |archive-date=24 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024164224/http://docs.python.org/faq/general.html#why-was-python-created-in-the-first-place |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="98-interview">{{cite web |url=http://www.amk.ca/python/writing/gvr-interview |title=Interview with Guido van Rossum (July 1998) |last=Kuchling |first=Andrew M. |work=amk.ca |date=22 December 2006 |access-date=12 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070501105422/http://www.amk.ca/python/writing/gvr-interview |archive-date=1 May 2007}}</ref>

<ref name="AutoNT-1">{{ cite journal |last=van Rossum |first=Guido |year=1993 |title=An Introduction to Python for UNIX/C Programmers |journal=Proceedings of the NLUUG Najaarsconferentie (Dutch UNIX Users Group) |quote=even though the design of C is far from ideal, its influence on Python is considerable. |citeseerx=10.1.1.38.2023 }}</ref>

<ref name="classmix">{{cite web |url=https://docs.python.org/tutorial/classes.html |title=Classes |work=The Python Tutorial |publisher=Python Software Foundation |access-date=20 February 2012 |quote=It is a mixture of the class mechanisms found in C++ and Modula-3 |archive-date=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023030209/http://docs.python.org/tutorial/classes.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="effbot-call-by-object">{{cite web |url=http://effbot.org/zone/call-by-object.htm |title=Call By Object |work=effbot.org |last=Lundh |first=Fredrik |quote=replace "CLU" with "Python", "record" with "instance", and "procedure" with "function or method", and you get a pretty accurate description of Python's object model. |access-date=21 November 2017 |archive-date=23 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123043655/http://effbot.org/zone/call-by-object.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="AutoNT-2">{{cite web |url=https://www.python.org/download/releases/2.3/mro/ |title=The Python 2.3 Method Resolution Order |last=Simionato |first=Michele |publisher=Python Software Foundation |quote=The C3 method itself has nothing to do with Python, since it was invented by people working on Dylan and it is described in a paper intended for lispers |access-date=29 July 2014 |archive-date=20 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820231854/https://www.python.org/download/releases/2.3/mro/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="AutoNT-3">{{cite web |url=https://docs.python.org/howto/functional.html |title=Functional Programming HOWTO |last=Kuchling |first=A. M. |work=Python v2.7.2 documentation |publisher=Python Software Foundation |access-date=9 February 2012 |archive-date=24 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024163217/http://docs.python.org/howto/functional.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="AutoNT-4">{{cite web |url=https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0255/ |title=PEP 255&nbsp;– Simple Generators |first1=Neil |last1=Schemenauer |first2=Tim |last2=Peters |first3=Magnus Lie |last3=Hetland |date=18 May 2001 |work=Python Enhancement Proposals |publisher=Python Software Foundation |access-date=9 February 2012 |archive-date=5 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605012926/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0255/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="AutoNT-5">{{cite web |url=https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0318/ |title=PEP 318&nbsp;– Decorators for Functions and Methods |first1=Kevin D. |last1=Smith |first2=Jim J. |last2=Jewett |first3=Skip |last3=Montanaro |first4=Anthony |last4=Baxter |date=2 September 2004 |work=Python Enhancement Proposals |publisher=Python Software Foundation |access-date=24 February 2012 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603133734/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0318/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="AutoNT-6">{{cite web |url=https://docs.python.org/3.2/tutorial/controlflow.html |title=More Control Flow Tools |work=Python 3 documentation |publisher=Python Software Foundation |access-date=24 July 2015 |archive-date=4 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604080843/https://docs.python.org/3.2/tutorial/controlflow.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="bini">{{cite book |last=Bini |first=Ola |title=Practical JRuby on Rails Web 2.0 Projects: bringing Ruby on Rails to the Java platform |year=2007 |publisher=APress |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-1-59059-881-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/practicaljrubyon0000bini/page/3 3] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/practicaljrubyon0000bini/page/3 }}</ref>

<ref name=Julia>{{cite web| title= Why We Created Julia| date= February 2012| website= Julia website| url= https://julialang.org/blog/2012/02/why-we-created-julia| access-date= 5 June 2014| quote= We want something as usable for general programming as Python [...]| archive-date= 2 May 2020| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200502144010/https://julialang.org/blog/2012/02/why-we-created-julia/| url-status= live}}</ref>

}}
== Other websites ==
* [https://docs.python.org/tut/ Python tutorial] 
* [https://www.codelivly.com/learn-python/ Learn Python]
* [https://databasecamp.de/en/python-coding Learn Python for Data Science]

[[Category:Programming languages]]
[[Category:High-level programming languages]]
[[Category:Multi-paradigm programming languages]]
[[Category:Object-oriented programming languages]]
[[Category:Functional languages]]