Voiced alveolar approximant
(Redirected from Alveolar approximant)
The alveolar approximant is a consonant. It is used in some languages. It is used in English where the letter "r" is used for the sound, as in run or brick. The International Phonetic Alphabet represents the alveolar and postalveolar approximants as ⟨ɹ⟩. International Phonetic Alphabet represents it as a lowercase letter r rotated 180 degrees, or in broad transcription ⟨r⟩; the X-SAMPA symbol of this is ⟨r\⟩.
| Alveolar approximant | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɹ | |||
| ð̠˕ | |||
| |||
| IPA number | 151 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɹ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0279 | ||
| X-SAMPA | r\ or D_r_o | ||
Many times the symbol is written as ⟨r⟩ instead of ⟨ɹ⟩ because typing ⟨r⟩ is easier.
Features
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic. It means that we produce this sound by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
- Its phonation is voiced. It means that the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- We produce it at alveolar. It means that we produce this sound with the tip of the tongue(apical) or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge (laminal).
- Its behavior is approximant. It means that we produce this sound by narrowing the vocal tract at the place we produce this sound, but not narrowing to much to produce a turbulent airstream.
Examples
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Armenian | Eastern | սու'ր'ճ | [suɹtʃʰ] | 'coffee' |
| Chukchi | ңирэк | [ŋiɹek] | 'two' | |
| Dutch | Goois | doo'r' | [doəɹ] | 'through' |
| Leiden dialect | 'r'at | [ɹat] | 'rat' | |
| English | American dialects[1] | 'r'ed | [ɹ̠ˤʷɛd] | 'red' |
| Australian | ||||
| Received Pronunciation | ||||
| Faroese | 'r'óðu'r' | [ɹɔuwʊɹ] | 'rudder' | |
| German | Westerwald[2] | 'R'ebe | [ɹeːbə] | 'vine shoot' |
| Siegerland[3] | ||||
| Upper Lusatian | ||||
| Portuguese | Many Central-Southern Brazilian dialects[source?] | ve'r'de | [ˈveɹdʒɪ] | 'green' |
| Some countryside Central-Southern Brazilian dialects[source?] | tempora'l' | [tẽjpoˈɾaɹ] | 'rainstorm' | |
| Spanish | Some dialects[4] | doscientos | [do̞ɹˈθje̞nto̞s] | 'two hundred' |
| Vietnamese | 'r'ơ | [ɹəː] | 'to clean' | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[5] | rdɨ | [ɹd̪ɨ] | 'pass' |
Voiced Alveolar Approximant Media
A schematic mid-sagittal section of an articulation of a voiced alveolar approximant [ɹ].
A schematic mid-sagittal section of an articulation of a voiced postalveolar approximant [ɹ̠].
Notes
- ↑ Hallé, Best & Levitt (1999:283) citing Delattre & Freeman (1968), Zawadzki & Kuehn (1980), and Boyce & Espy-Wilson (1997)
- ↑ Wäller Platt: Die Aussprache
- ↑ Kohler (1995:165f), cited in Universität zu Köln: Phonologische Analyse
- ↑ Recasens (2004:436) citing Fougeron (1999) and Browman & Goldstein (1995)
- ↑ Merrill (2008:109)
References
- Boyce, S.. Coarticulatory stability in American English /r/. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 101 (6) (1997). p. 3741–3753. doi:10.1121/1.418333.
- Browman, L.. Producing Speech: Contemporary issues for K Harris (1995). New York: AIP. p. 9–33.
- Delattre, P.. A dialect study of American R's by x-ray motion picture. Linguistics 44 (1968). p. 29–68.
- Fougeron, C. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 97 (1999). p. 1–73.
- Hallé, Pierre A.. Phonetic vs. phonological influences on French listeners' perception of American English approximants. Journal of Phonetics 27 (3) (1999). p. 281–306. doi:10.1006/jpho.1999.0097.
- Kohler, Klaus. Einführung in die Phonetik des Deutschen (1995). Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag.
- Merrill, Elizabeth. Tilquiapan Zapotec. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1) (2008). p. 107–114. doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344.
- Recasens, Daniel. The effect of syllable position on consonant reduction (evidence fromCatalan consonant clusters). Journal of Phonetics 32 (3) (2004). p. 435–453. doi:10.1016/j.wocn.2004.02.001.
- Zawadski, P.A.. A cineradiographic study of static and dynamic aspects of American English /r/. Phonetica 37 (4) (1980). p. 253–266. doi:10.1159/000259995.