Battle of Hatfield Chase
The Battle of Hatfield Chase was fought on 12 October 633 at Hatfield Chase near Doncaster in present-day Yorkshire. The pagan King Penda of Mercia and the Christian king of Gynedd, Cadwallon ap Cadfan joined forces to attack Northumbria.
| Battle of Hatfield Chase | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
  Gwynedd, Mercia |
 Northumbria | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
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Cadwallon ap Cadfan Penda |
Edwin † Osfrith † Eadfrith (captured) | ||||||
King Edwin met them in the southern part of his kingdom. In the battle Edwin was killed and his army was defeated. Cadwallon destroyed as much of Northumbria as he could. This led to the end of Northumbrian dominance over southern England for a short time.
Background
Edwin of Northumbria (ruled 616–633) was recognized as overlord over all of Britain.[1] In his wars he conquered the kingdom of Elmet (western Yorkshire). He then drove out its king, Cerdic. This gave him access all the way to the Irish Sea.[2] Elmet was one of the last kingdoms of the Britons.[2]
Edwin next moved against Wales: he invaded the Welsh north and captured Anglesey. He drove Cadwallon to the far eastern part of the island and laid siege to him at Priestholme.[1] This caused Cadwallon, a Christian king, to ally himself with Penda, the pagan king of Mercia.[3] Cadwallon's motive was revenge on the powerful Northumbrian ruler who had invaded his kingdom.[4] Penda resented Northumbria's being Christianized by Kent. He also wanted Edwin's power over the other kingdoms.[4]
Outcome
The site of the battle suggests Edwin and his forces may have had to fight on ground not suited for defence.[5] He may have been trapped by the grassy wetlands to the north and the river Don to the east. The armies of Cadwallon and Penda came at him from the west.[5] In the battle one of Edwin's sons, Osfrid, was killed before his father.[6] Edwin was killed and his army scattered.[6] Another son, Eadfrith, was taken prisoner by Penda.[a][7] Edwin's queen escaped to Kent with two of her children, Osfrid's young son and Bishop Paulinus.[7]
Cadwallon and Penda began slaughtering the people of Northumbria. This included men, women and children.[6] Cadwallon, according to Bede, although Christian was more barbarous than any pagan.[6] Northumbria fell apart and divided back into its two former kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia.[8] Oswald reunited Deira and Bernicia back into Northumbria. As King he restored Northumbria to the power it had under Edwin.[8]
Notes
- ↑ Penda brought Eadfrith back to Mercia as a prisoner possibly to set him up as a puppet ruler in Northumbria under Penda.[3] When that didn't happen Penda had him murdered a few years later.[3]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Frank Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England (Oxford University Press, 1971), p. 80
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Peter Hunter Blair, Roman Britain and Early England 55 B.C.–A.D 871 (New York; London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1963), p. 192
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Mike Ashley, The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens (New York: Carroll & Graf, 1999), p. 251
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 John Marsden, Northanhymbre Saga; The History of the Anglo-Saxon Kings of Northumbria (London: Kyle Cathie Limited, 1992), p. 99
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 N. J. Higham, The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350–1100 (Dover, NH: Alan Sutton Publishing, 1993), p. 124
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People, trans. Leo Sherley Price, revised by R.E. Latham 1990. Penguin, p. 140.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 D. P. Kirby, The Earliest English Kings, Revised Edition (London: Routledge, 2000), p. 69
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Peter Hunter Blair 1963. Roman Britain and early England 55 B.C.–A.D 871. New York: Norton, p194.