Blind experiment
A blind or blinded experiment is a test or experiment in where the experimenter does not know which treatment is given to a subject. The idea is to avoid bias which the experimenter might otherwise introduce.[1] If both tester and subject are blinded, the trial is a double-blind trial.
Suppose consumers are asked to compare the tastes of different brands of a product. Obviously, the identities of the product should be hidden – otherwise consumers tend to prefer the brand they are familiar with. Similarly, when testing a pharmaceutical drug, both patients and experimenter should not know the dosage being given in each case.
The opposite of a blind trial is an open trial. The terms blind (adjective) or to blind (transitive verb) when used in this sense are figurative extensions of the literal idea of blindfolding someone.
Examples
Blind experiments went on to be used outside of purely scientific settings. In 1817, a committee of scientists and musicians compared a Stradivarius violin to one with a guitar-like design made by the naval engineer François Chanot. A well-known violinist played each instrument while the committee listened in the next room to avoid prejudice.[2][3]
One of the first essays advocating a blinded approach to experiments in general came from Claude Bernard in the latter half of the 19th century, who recommended splitting any scientific experiment between the theorist who conceives the experiment and a naive (and preferably uneducated) observer who registers the results without foreknowledge of the theory or hypothesis being tested. This suggestion contrasted starkly with the prevalent Enlightenment-era attitude that scientific observation can only be objectively valid when undertaken by a well-educated, informed scientist.[4]
Double-blind methods came into especial prominence in the mid-20th century.[5]
Double-blind trials
Double-blind describes an especially reliable way of conducting an experiment. It tries to eliminate subjective, unrecognized biases carried by an experiment's subjects and conductors.
In a double-blind experiment, neither the participants nor the researchers know which participants belong to the control group, and which to the test group. Random assignment of test subjects to the experimental and control groups is the key to any double-blind research design. The information about who the subjects were, and which group they belonged to, is kept by a third party until the study is over.
Double-blind methods can be applied to any experimental situation in which there is a possibility that the results will be affected by conscious/unconscious bias on the part of researchers, participants, or both.
References
- ↑ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed.
- ↑
Fétis, François-Joseph (1868). Biographie universelle des musiciens et bibliographie générale de la musique, Tome 1. 2nd ed, Paris: Firmin Didot Frères, Fils et Cie. p. 249. Retrieved 2011-07-21.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) - ↑ Dubourg, George (1852). The Violin: some account of that leading instrument and its most eminent professors... 4th ed, London: Robert Cocks. pp. 356–357. Retrieved 2011-07-21.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) - ↑ Daston, Lorraine (2005). "Scientific error and the ethos of belief". Social Research. 72 (1): 18. doi:10.1353/sor.2005.0016. S2CID 141036212.
- ↑ Alder, Ken 2006. The history of science, or, an oxymoronic theory of relativistic objectivity. In Kramer, Lloyd S. & Maza, Sarah C. A companion to western historical thought. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-4961-7. p307: "Shortly after the start of the Cold War [...] double-blind reviews became the norm for conducting scientific medical research, as well as the means by which peers evaluated scholarship, both in science and in history".