Bottom trawling
Bottom trawling is trawling (towing a trawl, which is a fishing net) along the sea floor. It is also called "dragging". Bottom trawling can be either benthic trawling or demersal trawling. Benthic trawling is towing a net at the very bottom of the ocean. Demersal trawling is towing a net just above the bottom.
Another kind of trawling is midwater trawling (also known as pelagic trawling). This is where a net is towed higher in the water column. Midwater trawling catches pelagic fish such as anchovies, tuna, and mackerel. Bottom trawling catches both bottom-living fish. It also catches semi-pelagic species such as cod, squid, shrimp, and rockfish. Trawling is done by a trawler. This can be a small open boat or a large factory trawler.
Trawl nets
The trawl doors disturb the sea bed. They create a cloud of muddy water which hides the oncoming trawl net. It also makes a noise which attracts fish. The fish begin to swim in front of the net mouth. As the trawl continues along the seabed, fish begin to tire and slip backwards into the net. Finally, the fish become exhausted and drop back, into the net and are caught. The speed that the trawl is towed at depends on the swimming speed of the species which is being targeted. It also depends on the gear that is being used. For most species, a speed of around 4 knots (7 km/h) is appropriate. Trawling is very easy way of catching large amounts of fish.[1] But it has been compared to "fishing with bulldozers".[1] Like a bulldozer it scrapes up everything on the bottom.[1]
Environmental impacts
Bottom trawling has operated for over a century on heavily fished areas like the North Sea and Grand Banks. overfishing has long been seen as causing major ecological changes to the fish species on the Grand Banks.[2] Lately there is concern about the damage which benthic trawling does to the seabed.[3] A species of particular concern is the slow-growing, deep water coral Lophelia pertusa.[3] This species is home to a large community of deep sea organisms. It is easily damaged by fishing gear. On November 17, 2004 the United Nations General Assembly urged nations to consider temporary bans on high seas bottom trawling.[4] Bottom trawling has been blamed for reducing the populations of many of fish species. These include species such as orange roughy, barndoor skate, shark, and many others.[5]
Bottom Trawling Media
The Celtic Explorer, a research vessel engaged in bottom trawling
Otter trawl* * Subject: Fishing nets, Fishing boats, Trawls and trawling * Tag: Fisheries Techniques
Pelagic (midwater) otter trawl. 1: trawl warp, 2: otter boards, 3: longline chains, 4 hunter, 5: weights 6: headline with floats, 7: pre-net, 8: tunnel and belly, 9: codend
Satellite image of trawler mud trails off the Louisiana coast
(A) The coral community and seabed on an untrawled seamount. (B) The exposed bedrock of a trawled seamount. Both are [convert: %s]%s below the surface.
Beam Trawl* * Subject: Fishing nets, Trawls and trawling * Tag: Fisheries Techniques
Grampus*Trawl-Heads, Beam, Mouth of Net, Etc. Shows How Bridles are Attached * Subject: Fishing nets, Grampus (Schooner) * Tag: Vessels, Fisheries Techniques
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Daniel C. Abel;Robert L McConnell, Environmental Oceanography: Topics and Analysis (Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2010), p. 248
- ↑ Bill Freedman, Environmental Ecology (Burlington: Elsevier Science, 1994), p. 426
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bottom Trawling and Scallop Dredging in the Arctic, ed. Elena Guijarro Garcia (Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 2007), p. 257
- ↑ "Bush Administration Calls for Ban on High Seas Bottom Trawling". Marten Law PLLC. 18 October 2006. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
- ↑ Roberts, Callum (2007). The Unnatural History of the Sea, Island Press, p. 238