Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis is an obstructive lung disease.[1] It is caused by chronic inflammation of the bronchi inside of the lungs. People with bronchiectasis have swollen bronchi. It is sometimes said to be part of the group of diseases called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
| Bronchiectasis | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Figure A shows a cross-section of the lungs with normal airways and widened airways. Figure B shows a cross-section of a normal airway. Figure C shows a cross-section of an airway with bronchiectasis. | |
| Pronunciation | |
| Symptoms | Productive cough, shortness of breath, chest pain[3][4] |
| Usual onset | Gradual[5] |
| Duration | Long term[6] |
| Causes | Infections, cystic fibrosis, other genetic conditions, idiopathic[4][7] |
| Diagnostic method | Based on symptoms, CT scan[8] |
| Differential diagnosis | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Asbestosis, Tracheobronchomalacia |
| Treatment | Antibiotics, bronchodilators, lung transplant[4][9][10] |
| Frequency | 1–250 per 250,000 adults[11] |
Around 1,500 deaths reported in UK each year are thought to be caused by bronchiectasis.[12] It is more common in males than females and 350,000 to 500,000 people are affected by bronchiectasis each year in America.[13]
Signs
People with bronchiectasis have signs and symptoms such as: pain in the chest, tiredness, bad breath, sinusitis, coughing up blood (haemoptysis), and a wheeze. Coarse crackling sounds can be heared when the person breathes in. 3 out of 4 people cough up a lot of sputum that is green or pale yellow. 9 out of 10 people with the disease have a cough that does not go away. The defect can cause finger clubbing.
Chronic inflammation of the airways in bronchiectasis causes permanent dilation and thinning of the airways.
Types
There are three kinds of bronchiectasis. These are:
- Cylindrical bronchiectasis
- Varicose bronchiectasis
- Saccular or cystic - This is the most severe type. It is often found in people with cystic fibrosis.
Causes
People can be born with bronchiectasis or they can develop it later. In about 4 out of 10 cases, a cause is found. People who have rheumatoid arthiritis and smoke are ten times more likely to have the disease.[14] Patients with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency have also been found to be more likely to get bronchiectasis but it is not known why.[15]
Diagnosis
It is usually diagnosed using a CT scan.
Treatment
Antibiotics are used to treat bronchiectasis. It can also be treated with other drugs. Sometimes surgery is needed.
Prevention
To prevent bronchiectasis, it is essential to avoid lung infections and lung damage that can cause it. Children should get vaccines to protect against measles, whooping cough, and pneumonia. Parents should watch their children to prevent them from breathing in small objects like food or toys. People with bronchiectasis should avoid smoking and breathing in harmful fumes or gases that can cause infections and more problems.
To slow down the progress of this long-term disease, doctors try to the airways clear and remove mucus from the lungs with drugs or surgery. Antibiotics can be used to treat infections and stop the cycle of damage and more infections. A machine might be used to help the patient breathe if needed. Regular vaccines for pneumonia, the flu, and whooping cough can also help. Maintaining a healthy body weight and seeing a doctor regularly can also be helpful. The severity of symptoms and the extent of damage seen on X-rays can affect how likely a person is to survive this disease.
History
René Laennec wrote the first description of bronchiectasis in 1819.[16]
Bronchiectasis Media
The typical symptoms of bronchiectasis are shown. Also, the change in bronchi under bronchiectasis are illustrated.
"Vicious cycle" theory of the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis
CT scan of the lungs showing findings diagnostic of bronchiectasis. White and black arrows point to dilated bronchi characteristic of the disease.
Azithromycin is a macrolide commonly used in bronchiectasis.
Bronchiectasis primarily in the middle lobe of the right lung
Bronchiectasis secondary to a large carcinoid tumor (not shown) that was completely obstructing the bronchus proximally. Dilation of the airways is present.
_tablets.jpg)
.jpg)
Related pages
References
- ↑ Okuyama, Tadashi. Organic chemistry: a mechanistic approach (2014). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-969327-6.
- ↑ Bronchiectasis | Definition of Bronchiectasis by Lexico. Lexico Dictionaries | English.
- ↑ What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Bronchiectasis?. NHLBI (June 2, 2014). Retrieved 10 August 2016.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 McShane, PJ. Non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis.. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 188 (6) (Sep 15, 2013). p. 647–56. doi:10.1164/rccm.201303-0411CI.
- ↑ Maguire, G. Bronchiectasis – a guide for primary care.. Australian Family Physician 41 (11) (November 2012). p. 842–50.
- ↑ What Is Bronchiectasis?. NHLBI (June 2, 2014). Retrieved 10 August 2016.
- ↑ Bird, K. Bronchiectasis. StatPearls [Internet] (January 2019).
- ↑ Quality Standards for Clinically Significant Bronchiectasis in Adults (July 2012)British Thoracic Society. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
- ↑ How Is Bronchiectasis Treated?. NHLBI (June 2, 2014). Retrieved 10 August 2016.
- ↑ Corris, PA. Lung transplantation for cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis.. Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 34 (3) (Jun 2013). p. 297–304. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1348469.
- ↑ Cottin, Vincent. Orphan Lung Diseases: A Clinical Guide to Rare Lung Disease (2015)Springer. p. 30. ISBN 9781447124016.
- ↑ Bronchiectasis (in en). nhs.uk (2017-10-19). Retrieved 2024-05-22.
- ↑ Association, American Lung. Learn About Bronchiectasis (in en). www.lung.org. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
- ↑ Kaushik, V. Association between bronchiectasis and smoking in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 63 (8) (1 August 2004). p. 1001–1002. doi:10.1136/ard.2003.015123.
- ↑ Shin MS, Ho KJ (1993). "Bronchiectasis in patients with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. A rare occurrence?". Chest 104 (5): 1384–86. doi:10.1378/chest.104.5.1384. PMID 8222792.
- ↑ Roguin, Ariel. Rene Theophile Hyacinthe Laënnec (1781–1826): The Man Behind the Stethoscope. Clinical Medicine and Research 4 (3) (1 September 2006). p. 230–235. doi:10.3121/cmr.4.3.230.