Cowbird

Cowbirds
	Female Brown-headed Cowbird
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Icteridae
Genus:	Molothrus; Swainson, 1832

Cowbirds are birds of the genus Molothrus. They are brood parasites, similar in life-style to the Cuckoo. The entire family Icteridae is limited to the New World.

Eastern Phoebe nest, with one Brown-headed Cowbird egg looking very different from the host eggs

They lay their eggs in the nests of other birds. The birds whose nest is used by the cowbird is tricked into raising the young cowbirds.^[1]

These birds feed on insects, including those stirred up by cattle. They lay their eggs in other birds' nests. This means that the birds can more easily stay with the herd.^[2]

The Brown-headed Cowbird has over 220 hosts.^[3] The other cowbird species have fewer known hosts, but all the species are generalists when it comes to choosing a host. This means that the eggs may look very different from the hosts' eggs.

Mafia-type behaviour

It seems that Brown-headed Cowbirds periodically check on their eggs and young after they have deposited them. Removal of the parasitic egg may trigger a retaliatory reaction termed 'mafia behaviour'. Cowbirds may penalise hosts which remove the cowbird egg: they often destroy the eggs or nestlings of those hosts.^[2]

"Central to the persistence of mafia-type behavior in brood parasites and acceptance in hosts is the fact that hosts produce significantly more offspring by accepting parasitism rather than ejecting parasitic eggs".^[2]

Cowbird Media

Screaming Cowbird (Molothrus rufoaxillaris)
Giant Cowbird - Pantanal - Brazil H8O0545 (23593619780)
Shiny cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis) male
Bronzed Cowbird (Molothrus aeneus) (7223072934)
Molothrus ater Brown-headed Cowbird

References

↑ Mermoz, Myriam E. and Francisco Oralis, Juan 2004. Phylogenetic analysis of life-history adaptations in parasitic cowbirds. Behavioral Ecology 15 109-119 [1]
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Jeffrey P. Hoover; Scott K. Robinson (2007). "Retaliatory mafia behavior by a parasitic cowbird favors host acceptance of parasitic eggs" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2009.
↑ Friedmann, Herbert; LLoyd E. Kiff and Stephen I. Rothstein (1977). "A further contribution to knowledge of the host relations of the parasitic cowbirds" (PDF). The Smithsonian. Smithsonian Institution Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2009.

[osford-1] Mermoz, Myriam E. and Francisco Oralis, Juan 2004. Phylogenetic analysis of life-history adaptations in parasitic cowbirds. Behavioral Ecology 15 109-119 [1]

[Mafia-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Jeffrey P. Hoover; Scott K. Robinson (2007). "Retaliatory mafia behavior by a parasitic cowbird favors host acceptance of parasitic eggs" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2009.

[3] Friedmann, Herbert; LLoyd E. Kiff and Stephen I. Rothstein (1977). "A further contribution to knowledge of the host relations of the parasitic cowbirds" (PDF). The Smithsonian. Smithsonian Institution Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2009.

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