Educational psychology
Educational psychology is a branch of psychology. It has ancient roots, but was mostly developed in the 20th century.[1] It has two "faces", the scientific and the humanistic.
Two concepts
Education as an objective science was strongly promoted around 1900 by Alfred Binet and Edward Thorndike. Binet it was who invented the first intelligence tests,[2] and they were extended and promoted in English by Louis Terman. Binet's ideas were sympathetic to Thorndike, who was above all interested in turning psychology into a real science by research, measurement and empirical evidence.[3][4] The arrival of World War I caused a huge conscription of men into the fighting services. Sorting out men of all types was an urgent problem. The intelligence tests proved to be very useful at helping get the right men into the right jobs. Not surprisingly, the use of IQ tests continued in education, where a similar problem of sorting out occurs in unselected public school enrollments.
The other way to look at educational psychology is to notice that a child is a growing person. Unlike most adults, the child is open to influence. Education does change a child. The emphasis on the child as a growing person is typical of humanistic psychology. It has many supporters, especially at primary school level. Examples of educators whose interest was humanistic include Johann Pestalozzi, Maria Montessori, John Dewey, and Jean Piaget. This type of approach is called "child-centered" education.
Public certification
How these two approaches are balanced varies in different countries. Many countries have arrangements for certified psychologists to inluence schools and help children.
These posts are now called 'educational and child psychology' in the United Kingdom. Since a training overhaul in 2006, there is a 3-year taught doctorate similar to that of clinical psychology. In the United States it is still called school psychology. Educational and child psychology is the practice of applied psychology with children and families in the context of education and is usually based within a government local authority.
Educational Psychology Media
William James (1842–1910) was an American philosopher of the Pragmatic school. He taught for many years at Harvard College. Photo from 1890 according to Getty.
Three experiments reported by Krug, Davis and Glover demonstrated the advantage of delaying a 2nd reading of a text passage by one week (distributed) compared with no delay between readings (massed).
An example of an item from a cognitive abilities test
An abacus provides concrete experiences for learning abstract concepts.
Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives: categories in the cognitive domain
A class size experiment in the United States found that attending small classes for 3 or more years in the early grades increased high school graduation of students from low-income families.
References
- ↑ Zimmerman B.J. & Schunk D.H. (eds) 2003. Educational psychology: a century of contributions. Mahwah, NJ, US: Erlbaum.
- ↑ Zangwill O.L. 1987. 'Binet, Alfred', in R. Gregory (ed) The Oxford Companion to the Mind, p88.
- ↑ Thorndike E.L. 1903 Educational psychology. New York, Lemcke & Buechner. Revised and enlarged 1910, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York.
- ↑ Thorndike E.L. 1904. Introduction to the theory of mental and social measurements. New York: Science Press.