Edward Jenner
Edward Jenner (17 May 1749 – 26 January 1823) was an English physician known for creating the vaccine for smallpox.[1]
Vaccination
Vaccination was a concept that was known before Jenner.
In 1765, Dr John Fewster published a paper in the London Medical Society entitled "Cow pox and its ability to prevent smallpox", but he did not pursue the subject further.[2]
After 1770, at least five investigators in England and Germany (Sevel, Jensen, Jesty 1774, Rendell, Plett 1791) successfully tested a cowpox vaccine in humans against smallpox.[3] For example, Dorset farmer Benjamin Jesty successfully vaccinated and presumably induced immunity with cowpox in his wife and two children during a smallpox epidemic in 1774.[4] Jenner may have been aware of Jesty's procedures and success,[5] but after Jenner's work some 20 years later the procedure became widely understood at last.
It was a common observation that milkmaids were generally immune to smallpox. Jenner thought that the pus in the blisters that milkmaids received from cowpox (a disease similar to smallpox, but much less virulent) protected them from smallpox. He may already have heard of Benjamin Jesty's success.
On 14 May 1796, Jenner tested his hypothesis on an eight-year-old boy, the son of his gardener. He scraped pus from cowpox blisters on the hands of a milkmaid. Jenner inoculated Phipps in both arms that day, subsequently producing in Phipps a fever and some uneasiness, but no full-blown infection. Later, he injected the boy with a mild form of smallpox and he showed no sign of infection.[6] Jenner successfully tested his hypothesis on 23 more subjects.
- "Jenner's unique contribution was not that he inoculated a few persons with cowpox, but that he then proved [by subsequent challenges] that they were immune to smallpox. Moreover, he demonstrated that the protective cowpox pus could be effectively inoculated from person to person, not just directly from cattle".[7][8]
Edward Jenner Media
Jenner's handwritten draft describing the first vaccination is held at the Royal College of Surgeons in London
Jenner's 1802 testimonial to the efficacy of vaccination, signed by 112 members of the Physical Society, London
- Cuculuscanorus
A lecturer's certificate of attendance given to Jenner. He attended many lectures on chemistry, medicine and physics.
Edward Jenner advising a farmer to vaccinate his family. Oil painting by an English painter, c. 1910
Jenner's discovery of the link between cowpox pus and smallpox in humans helped him to create the smallpox vaccine.
The steps taken by Edward Jenner to create vaccination, the first vaccine for smallpox. Jenner did this by inoculating James Phipps with cowpox, a virus similar to smallpox, to create immunity, unlike variolation, which used smallpox to create an immunity to itself.
James Gillray's 1802 caricature of Jenner vaccinating patients who feared it would make them sprout cowlike appendages.
1808 cartoon showing Jenner, Thomas Dimsdale and George Rose seeing off anti-vaccination opponents
References
- ↑ "Edward Jenner (1749 - 1823)". Retrieved 6 February 2010.
- ↑ Hopkins, Donald R. (2002). The greatest killer: smallpox in history, with a new introduction. University Of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-35168-1.
- ↑ Plett P.C. 2006. Peter Plett and other discoverers of cowpox vaccination before Edward Jenner. Sudhoffs Archiv (in German) 90 (2): 219–32. [1]
- ↑ Hammarsten J.F.; et al. (1979). "Who discovered smallpox vaccination? Edward Jenner or Benjamin Jesty?". Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association. 90: 44–55. PMC 2279376. PMID 390826.
- ↑ Grant, John (2007). Corrupted science: fraud, ideology and politics in science. London: Facts, Figures & Fun. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-904332-73-2.
- ↑ An inquiry into the causes and effects of the variolae vaccinae, Edward Jenner. Retrieved 17 November 2012
- ↑ Hopkins, Donald R. 2002. The greatest killer: smallpox in history, with a new introduction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-226-35168-1 [2]
- ↑ Bazin H. 2000. The eradication of smallpox: Edward Jenner and the first and only eradication of a human infectious disease. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-083475-4