Gulag
The Gulag was a vast network of "slave labor" camps run by the Soviet Union from the 1920s to the 1950s.[1] Ever since the Soviet Union was founded in 1917, it imprisoned people who spoke out against it or were otherwise dangerous. Imperial Russia in previous decades had a similar system of prison camps.[2] But the Soviet Union camp system grew to be one of the largest prison systems in existence. The Soviet camp-system was set up under Vladimir Lenin.[3][4] It reached its peak during Joseph Stalin's rule from the 1930s to the early 1950s.
The Gulag was run at first by the GPU (State Political Directorate), later by the NKVD and in the last years by the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD). The internment system grew rapidly, reaching a population of 100,000 in the 1920s. According to Nicolas Werth, the yearly mortality rate in the Soviet concentration camps varied, reaching 5% (1933) and 20% (1942–1943) and dropped in the post-war years to about 1 to 3% per year at the beginning of the 1950s.[5]
Soviet leaders believed it was right to put these people to work and make their labor and goods part of the national economy. In fact, two out of every hundred workers in the Soviet Union were gulag prisoners.[6] By 1936, there were 5,000,000 prisoners in the gulags.[1]
Location
Even though the Gulag is often associated with Siberia, labor camps were built across the Soviet Union.[6] Siberian camps greatly simplified the problem of keeping prisoners from running away, though it was harder to feed these camps and move goods in and out because the camps were so far away.
Decline and legacy
The Gulag system declined during the 1950s after the death of Joseph Stalin, and many people were released starting in 1954. The Gulag program was ended with a government decree in 1960.[1]
According to the Gulag administration, 10 million people were sent to the gulags between 1934 and 1947. However, Western scholars estimate that between 1918 and 1956, 15 to 30 million died in the gulags.[6]
Former prisoner and Nobel Prize-winning author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn wrote two books about the Gulag: One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich and The Gulag Archipelago.
When Nikita Khrushchev became the leader of the Soviet Union, he began a "De-Stalinization" process. He made a secret speech, in which he denounced Stalin as having committed many murders of innocent people in Gulags and elsewhere, including Katyn massacre and slaughter of Poles in Ukraine & Belarus in 1937 and 1938.
Gulag Media
GULAG NKVD USSR trademark logo, registered in 1939
Location map of Soviet Gulag system concentration camps
A punishment cell block in one of the subcamps of Vorkutlag, 1945
Genrikh Yagoda (middle) inspecting the construction of the Moscow-Volga canal, 1935. Behind his right shoulder is a young Nikita Khrushchev.
The fence at the old Gulag camp in Perm-36, founded in 1943, turned into a museum. Many Ukrainian nationalists were repressed and held at this camp.
A group of prisoners in Sakhalin, remote prison island, c. 1903
The population of Gulag camps (blue) and Gulag colonies (red) in 1934–53.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Gulag: Labour Camps, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. July 20, 1998.
- ↑ Gentes, A. (2004). "Katorga: Penal Labour and Tsarist Siberia" (PDF). Australian Slavonic and East European Studies. Miskin Hill. 18 (1–2): 41–61. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-03-27. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
- ↑ Lenin's Gulag Richard Pipes, academic research journals Vol. 2, pp 140–146, June 2014
- ↑ Gulag: An Introduction Archived September 5, 2017, at the Wayback Machine by Anne Applebaum
- ↑ Werth, Nicolas (20 January 2009). "STATE VIOLENCE IN STALIN's REGIME : OUTLINE FOR AN INVENTORY AND CLASSIFICATION" (PDF). Stanford University.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Gregory, P. "An Introduction to the Economics of the Gulag".