Hindu–Arabic numeral system
The Hindu–Arabic numeral system, sometimes known as Arabic number system, is the system of Latin-script numbers used by almost all the world today.[1] It is a positional notation system. This system has ten basic symbols, they are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. It represents numbers in the decimal numeral system. The Hindu–Arabic numeral system was first developed by the Hindu and Arabs. Later in the 16th century in Germany, it was changed and introduced to the rest of the western world by Albrecht Dürer. The Hindu–Arabic numeral system is one of the few numeral systems that use a place value system. This system is now commonly used all over the world.
| Base | Decimal (base 10) |
|---|---|
| Zero | 0 |
| One | 1 |
| Two | 2 |
| Three | 3 |
| Four | 4 |
| Five | 5 |
| Six | 6 |
| Seven | 7 |
| Eight | 8 |
| Nine | 9 |
They originated in India in the 6th or 7th century and were introduced to Europe through the writings of Middle Eastern mathematicians, especially al-Khwarizmi and al-Kindi, about the 12th century. They are very different from previous methods of counting, such as the abacus, and paved the way for the development of algebra. In the past many other systems were used.[2] Fibonacci popularized the Hindu–Arabic numeral system to the western world.
Hindu–Arabic Numeral System Media
Modern-day Arab telephone keypad with two forms of Arabic numerals: Western Arabic numerals on the left and Eastern Arabic numerals on the right
The first Brahmi numerals, ancestors of Hindu-Arabic numerals, used by Ashoka in his Edicts of Ashoka c. 250 BC
Nagari and Devanagari numerals with handwritten variants
Development of Hindu–Arabic numerals
The Arabic numeral system first appeared in Europe in the Spanish Codex Vigilanus, year 976.
Gregor Reisch, Madame Arithmatica, 1508
Adam Ries, Rechenung auff der linihen und federn, 1522
Two arithmetic books published in 1514 – Köbel (left) using a calculation table and Böschenteyn using numerals
Adam Ries, Rechenung auff der linihen und federn (2nd Ed.), 1525
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References
- ↑ Flegg, Graham 2002. Numbers: their history and meaning. Courier Dover. ISBN 0-486-42165-1
- ↑ Menninger, Karl 1969. Number words and number symbols: a cultural history of numbers. Cambridge MA: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-13040-8