Hyloxalus
Hyloxalus is a group of frogs in the family Dendrobatidae.[1][2][3][4] These frogs live in Central and South America, as far north as Panama and as far south as Peru. They also live in the eastern hills around the Andes mountains in Bolivia to Venezuela, as far east as the Amazon Basin.[1]
| Hyloxalus | |
|---|---|
| |
| Cream-backed poison frog (H. subpunctatus) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Dendrobatidae |
| Genus: | Hyloxalus Jiménez de la Espada, 1870 |
| Type species | |
| Hyloxalus fuliginosus Jiménez de la Espada, 1870
| |
| Species | |
|
63 species (see text) | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
|
Phyllodromus Jiménez de la Espada, 1875 | |
Bodies
Hyloxalus are small to medium in size, from about 19 to 33 mm (0.7 to 1.3 in) from nose to rear end.[4] Most have brown, gray, or black colors, but some bright colors (e.g., Hyloxalus azureiventris). All frogs in Hyloxalus have a light-colored stripe on the sides of their bodies. Most do not have any webbed skin on their feet. Most have disks on their front feet for climbing.[5]
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Young
Most species lay their eggs on the ground and then carry the tadpoles to water on the forest floor or in streams. Hyloxalus chlorocraspedus uses water in fallen trees.[4]
Species
As of early 2022, there are 63 species in this group:[1]
- Hyloxalus abditaurantius (Silverstone, 1975)
- Hyloxalus aeruginosus (Duellman, 2004)
- Hyloxalus alessandroi (Grant and Rodriguez, 2001)
- Hyloxalus anthracinus (Edwards, 1971)
- Hyloxalus arliensis Acosta-Galvis, Vargas-Ramírez, Anganoy-Criollo, Ibarra, and Gonzáles, 2020
- Hyloxalus awa (Coloma, 1995)
- Hyloxalus azureiventris (Kneller and Henle, 1985)
- Hyloxalus betancuri (Rivero and Serna, 1991)
- Hyloxalus bocagei Jiménez de la Espada, 1870
- Hyloxalus borjai (Rivero and Serna, 2000)
- Hyloxalus breviquartus (Rivero and Serna, 1986)
- Hyloxalus cepedai (Morales, 2002)
- Hyloxalus cevallosi (Rivero, 1991)
- Hyloxalus chlorocraspedus (Caldwell, 2005)
- Hyloxalus chocoensis Boulenger, 1912
- Hyloxalus craspedoceps (Duellman, 2004)
- Hyloxalus delatorreae (Coloma, 1995)
- Hyloxalus edwardsi (Lynch, 1982)
- Hyloxalus elachyhistus (Edwards, 1971)
- Hyloxalus eleutherodactylus (Duellman, 2004)
- Hyloxalus exasperatus (Duellman and Lynch, 1988)
- Hyloxalus excisus (Rivero and Serna, 2000)
- Hyloxalus faciopunctulatus (Rivero, 1991)
- Hyloxalus fallax (Rivero, 1991)
- Hyloxalus fascianigrus (Grant and Castro-Herrera, 1998)
- Hyloxalus felixcoperari Acosta-Galvis and Vargas Ramírez, 2018
- Hyloxalus fuliginosus Jiménez de la Espada, 1870
- Hyloxalus idiomelus (Rivero, 1991)
- Hyloxalus infraguttatus (Boulenger, 1898)
- Hyloxalus insulatus (Duellman, 2004)
- Hyloxalus italoi Páez-Vacas, Coloma, and Santos, 2010
- Hyloxalus lehmanni (Silverstone, 1971)
- Hyloxalus leucophaeus (Duellman, 2004)
- Hyloxalus littoralis (Péfaur, 1984)
- Hyloxalus maculosus (Rivero, 1991)
- Hyloxalus maquipucuna (Coloma, 1995)
- Hyloxalus marmoreoventris (Rivero, 1991)
- Hyloxalus mittermeieri (Rivero, 1991)
- Hyloxalus mystax (Duellman and Simmons, 1988)
- Hyloxalus nexipus (Frost, 1986)
- Hyloxalus parcus (Rivero, 1991)
- Hyloxalus patitae (Lötters, Morales, and Proy, 2003)
- Hyloxalus peculiaris (Rivero, 1991)
- Hyloxalus picachos (Ardila-Robayo, Acosta-Galvis, and Coloma, 2000)
- Hyloxalus pinguis (Rivero and Granados-Díaz, 1990)
- Hyloxalus pulchellus (Jiménez de la Espada, 1875)
- Hyloxalus pulcherrimus (Duellman, 2004)
- Hyloxalus pumilus (Rivero, 1991)
- Hyloxalus ramosi (Silverstone, 1971)
- Hyloxalus ruizi (Lynch, 1982)
- Hyloxalus saltuarius (Grant and Ardila-Robayo, 2002)
- Hyloxalus sanctamariensis Acosta-Galvis and Pinzón, 2018
- Hyloxalus sauli (Edwards, 1974)
- Hyloxalus shuar (Duellman and Simmons, 1988)
- Hyloxalus sordidatus (Duellman, 2004)
- Hyloxalus spilotogaster (Duellman, 2004)
- Hyloxalus subpunctatus (Cope, 1899)
- Hyloxalus sylvaticus (Barbour and Noble, 1920)
- Hyloxalus toachi (Coloma, 1995)
- Hyloxalus utcubambensis (Morales, 1994)
- Hyloxalus vergeli Hellmich, 1940
- Hyloxalus vertebralis (Boulenger, 1899)
- Hyloxalus yasuni Páez-Vacas, Coloma, and Santos, 2010
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Frost, Darrel R. (2022). "Hyloxalus Jiménez de la Espada, 1870". Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.1. American Museum of Natural History. doi:10.5531/db.vz.0001. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
- ↑ "Dendrobatidae". AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley. 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
- ↑ "Hyloxalus Jiménez de la Espada, 1870". Biolib.cz. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Vitt, Laurie J. & Caldwell, Janalee P. (2014). Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles (4th ed.). Academic Press. p. 490. OCLC 839312807.
- ↑ Grant, Taran; Frost, Darrel R.; Caldwell, Janalee P.; Gagliardo, Ron; Haddad, Célio F.B.; Kok, Philippe J.R.; Means, D. Bruce; Noonan, Brice P.; Schargel, Walter E. & Wheeler, Ward C. (2006). "Phylogenetic systematics of dart-poison frogs and their relatives (Amphibia: Athesphatanura: Dendrobatidae)". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 299: 1–262. doi:10.1206/0003-0090(2006)299[1:PSODFA]2.0.CO;2. hdl:2246/5803.