Iambic pentameter
Iambic pentameter is a kind of verse. It is the most common kind of verse in English literature.
The two words seem difficult, because the words are Greek. Pentameter means "consisting of five measures" and iambic "consisting of iambs".
The rhythm which words make in the line is measured in small groups of syllables called "feet". The word "iambic" refers to the type of foot that is used, known as the iamb. This is an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. The word "pentameter" indicates that a line has five of these "feet".[1]
In theory every line is composed of ten syllables and have five stresses.[2] Stresses fall on the second, the fourth, the sixth, the eighth and the tenth syllable.[2] This is marked with two signs. The sign "x" stands for a syllable with no stress, and the sign "/" stands for a syllable with stress. So a line of iambic pentameter is:
- x / x / x / x / x /
Use in poetry
In real poems lines have often an extra syllable at the end and sometimes lack the first unaccented syllable. A line can be divided in five units that are called "feet".[3] The unit x / is called an "iamb" or "iambic foot". Sometimes the pattern is changed. First foot can be reversed: / x x / x / x / x /. When iambic pentameter is unrhymed it is called blank verse.[4] Blank verse was introduced into English poetry by Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey. Thomas Kyd used it in his The Spanish Tragedy.
- When this eternal substance of my soul
- Did live imprison'd in my wanton flesh,
- Each in their function serving other's need,
- I was a courtier in the Spanish court:
- My name was Don Andrea; my descent,
- Though not ignoble, yet inferior far
- To gracious fortunes of my tender youth.
- For there in prime and pride of all my years,
- By duteous service and deserving love,
- In secret I possess'd a worthy dame,
- Which hight sweet Bellimperia by name.[5]
There are no rhymes in blank verse, but alliteration often occurs in it, for example "prime and pride".
William Shakespeare's dramas are written chiefly in blank verse.[6] The first line of the famous Hamlet's monologue is an example:
- To be, or not to be, that is the question:
Examples
John Milton used blank verse in Paradise Lost. Many other poets (for example Edwin Atherstone, John Fitchett, Alfred Tennyson, Robert Browning and Matthew Arnold employed it long poems. John Fitchett's King Alfred is perhaps the longest epic poem written in blank verse. It consists of more than 130 000 lines.[7] But Alexander Pope wrote iambic pentameter with rhymes. One line rhymes with the next. It is called heroic couplet.[8]
Dramatic monologues are usually written in blank verse. Good examples are Tennyson's St Simeon Stylites[9] and Ulysses or Browning's The Ring and the Book.[10] Robert Frost wrote similar poems in the United States. Lines of iambic pentameter can be set also into stanzas. An example of a stanza is rhyme royal that consists of seven lines and rhymes ababbcc. It was used by Emma Lazarus in the poem Sympathy from the sequence Epochs.
- It comes not in such wise as she had deemed,
- Else might she still have clung to her despair.
- More tender, grateful than she could have dreamed,
- Fond hands passed pitying over brows and hair,
- And gentle words borne softly through the air,
- Calming her weary sense and wildered mind,
- By welcome, dear communion with her kind….[11]
Iambic pentameter is used also in English sonnets.[12]
The rhythm of iambic pentameter is close to the rhythm of everyday English speech. Iambic pentameter is common in German literature, too.[13] This example is from The Flamingos by Rainer Maria Rilke:
- In Spiegelbildern wie von Fragonard
- ist doch von ihrem Weiß und ihrer Röte
- nicht mehr gegeben, als dir einer böte,
- wenn er von seiner Freundin sagt: sie war
Bibliography
- Joseph Berg Esenwein, Mary Eleanor Roberts, The Art of Versification, The Home Correspondence School, Springfield, 1920.
References
- ↑ "Poetic Feet and Line Length". Purdue Owl Online Writing Lab. Purdue University. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Amanda Mabillard. "Shakespearean Sonnet Basics: Iambic Pentameter and the English Sonnet Style". Shakespeare Online. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
- ↑ Definition at Dictionary.com.
- ↑ Blank verse at Encyclopaedia Britannica
- ↑ Thomas Kyd, The Spanish Tragedy at Luminarium.
- ↑ William Shakespeare; Henry Norman Hudson, Shakespeare's Coriolanus (London: George Gill & Sons, 1886). p. 10
- ↑ Simon Keynes, The cult of Alfred, [in:] Anglo-Saxon England 28, Cambridge 1999, p. 330.
- ↑ Heroic couplet at Encyclopaedia Britannica.
- ↑ Alfred Tennyson's "St. Simeon Stylites" at The Victorian Web.
- ↑ "See: Robert Browning, The Ring and the Book at The University of Adelaide". Archived from the original on 2015-09-06. Retrieved 2016-10-13.
- ↑ Full text at Bartleby.com.
- ↑ Shakespearean Sonnet Basics: Iambic Pentameter and the English Sonnet Style at Shakespeare-online.com.
- ↑ See: Heinz Juergen Schueler, The German Verse Epic in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague 1967, p. 61, ISBN 978-94-015-0377-8.