Jimi system
The Jimi system (Chinese: 羈縻制) is a way to organize the government to rule over far-away foreign lands. It uses barbarians to rule over barbarians or the people you conquered to rule over the people you conquered.
It was used in China between the 7th century and 10th century.[1] It was used during the Tang Dynasty from 650s-740s.[2] It was also used in the Song, Mongol Yuan, Ming dynasties. But then it was also called the Tusi system (Chinese: 土司制). It ended around 1726. Then the Qing dynasty created a new system.[3]
Origin of term
The term "Jimi" was first seen in the annotation of Shiji quoted by Sima Zhen in a book from the Eastern Han era. It means that a man uses a reign to lead a horse.[4]
Jimi roughly translates as "loose reigns".[5] It was an indirect way to rule over people.
It is also known as Jimi fuzhou (Chinese: 羈縻府州) or the loose-control administrative units, they were not commonly confused with Zhengzhou (Chinese: 正州) or the regular administrative units.[6]
What is it?
China back then often conquered foreign lands. For example when China would conquer barbarians in the north, it would gain a lot of land. How does China govern so much land? They needed a way to govern these foreigners (or "barbarians"[5]).
China tells one of the barbarians they conquered to rule over the land for them. That ruler would have to follow orders from China, pay money, and help with China's military. This is Jimi.
The jimi ruler would received instructions from the central authorities in China. They would pass their power to their first sons.[7]
Each year they would pay money to China (tribute).[3] They helped with China's military.[8][9]
There were three levels: the command (Chinese: 都督府, like the central government), prefecture (Chinese: 州, like a state) and county (Chinese: 縣). Together these were known as jimi fuzhou.[6]
Examples
The Tang conquered the Gokturks and made two jimi governments (duhufu 都護府) in 658. They were around the Tarbagatai Mountains and Lake Balkhash.[10][11] Sometimes the term was applied to military camps created within Tang China.
Notes
- ↑ Liu, p. 51-55
- ↑ Liu, p. 48-49
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Zhang, p. 63-67, 108-113
- ↑ Yuan et al., p. 101
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Theobald, Ulrich. "jimi 羈縻 (www.chinaknowledge.de)". www.chinaknowledge.de. Retrieved 2019-07-18.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 ""Jimizhou"". Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2019-07-18.
- ↑ Liu, p. 17–23
- ↑ Liu, p. 38–43, 56–59
- ↑ Liu, p. 8
- ↑ Liu, p. 18, 120-123
- ↑ Tian, p. 508
References
- Zhou, Weiyan, "Jimizhou" Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine. Encyclopedia of China, 1st ed.
- Yuan, Bolan, Min, Shenglan and Huang, Li. "Tang Song Minzu Zhengce Jimi Wenti Zhi Bijiao Yanjiu" ("Ethnic Policy of the Tang and Song Dynasties, A Comparative Study on the Question of Jimi") Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine. Journal of Northwest University for Nationalities. 2004.5. ISSN 1001-5140.
- Liu, Tong (1998). The Study of Tang Dynasty's Jimifuzhou. Xi'an: Northwest University Press. ISBN 7-5604-1298-X.
- Tian, Suisheng et al. (1994). A Comprehensive Knowledge of Local Government. Beijing: China's Archives Press. ISBN 7-80019-461-2.
- Zhang, Youjun et al. (1992). General Discussion of Ethnic Policy in China. Nanming: Guangxi Education Press. ISBN 7-5435-1527-X.