John of Gaunt

John of Gaunt
John of Gaunt
Duke of Lancaster; Duke of Aquitaine
Successor	Henry Bolingbroke
Born	6 March 1340; Ghent, Flanders (now in Belgium)
Died	3 February 1399 (aged 58); Leicester Castle, Leicestershire
Burial	St Paul's Cathedral, City of London
Spouse	Blanche of Lancaster; m. 1359; dec. 1369; Infanta Constance of Castile; m. 1371; dec. 1394; Katherine Swynford; m. 1396; wid. 1399;
Issue	Philippa, Queen of Portugal; Elizabeth, Duchess of Exeter; Henry IV of England; Catherine, Queen of Castile; John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset; Cardinal Henry Beaufort; Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter; Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland;
House	House of Plantagenet (by birth); House of Lancaster (founder);
Father	Edward III, King of England
Mother	Philippa of Hainault

John of Gaunt (John Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Aquitaine, 6 March 1340 – 3 February 1399) was a member of the House of Plantagenet, who ruled England for over 300 years.^[1] Gaunt was the third surviving son of Edward III and Philippa of Hainault. He was the father of Henry IV.^[2]

Kenilworth Castle, the Duke's fortress

Gaunt was a younger brother of Edward, the Black Prince. He had great influence over the English throne during the childhood of his nephew, Richard II, and during the ensuing periods of political strife. He is not thought to have been an opponent of the king.

John of Gaunt's legitimate male heirs, the Lancasters, included Kings Henry IV, Henry V, and Henry VI. His other legitimate children included, by his first wife Blanche, his daughters Philippa of Portugal and Elizabeth, Duchess of Exeter; and by his second wife Constance, his daughter Queen Catherine of Castile.

John fathered five children outside marriage, one early in life by a lady-in-waiting to his mother, and four by Katherine Swynford, Gaunt's long-term mistress and third wife. These were surnamed Beaufort (after a former French possession of the Duke). The Beaufort children, three sons and a daughter, were legitimised by royal and papal decrees after John and Katherine married in 1396. Their half-brother Henry IV added a later proviso that they were barred from inheriting the throne.

Descendants of this marriage included Henry Beaufort, Bishop of Winchester and eventually cardinal; Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland, grandmother of Kings Edward IV and Richard III; John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset, the great-grandfather of King Henry VII; and Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scots, from whom are descended, beginning in 1437, all subsequent sovereigns of Scotland, and successively, from 1603 on, the sovereigns of England, of Great Britain and Ireland, and of the United Kingdom to the present day. The three succeeding houses of English sovereigns from 1399 — the Houses of Lancaster, York and Tudor — were descended from John through Henry Bolingbroke, Joan Beaufort and John Beaufort, respectively.

Lancaster's eldest son and heir, Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of Hereford, was exiled for ten years by King Richard II in 1398 as resolution to a dispute between Hereford and Thomas de Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk.^[3]

When John of Gaunt died in 1399, his estates and titles were declared forfeit to the crown as King Richard II named Hereford a traitor and commuted his sentence to exile for life.^[3] Henry Bolingbroke returned from exile to reclaim his inheritance and depose Richard. Bolingbroke then reigned as King Henry IV of England (1399–1413), the first of the descendants of John of Gaunt to hold the throne of England.

Due to some generous land grants, John was not only one of the richest men in his era, but also one of the wealthiest men to have ever lived. Taking into account inflation rates, John was worth a modern equivalent of $110 billion, making him the sixteenth richest man in history.^[4]

John Of Gaunt Media

Illustration of descent of John of Gaunt and of his first wife, Blanche of Lancaster, from King Henry III
Marriage of John of Gaunt to Blanche of Lancaster at Reading Abbey in 1359: painting by Horace Wright (1914)
John of Gaunt dines with John I of Portugal, to discuss a joint Anglo-Portuguese invasion of Castile (from Jean de Wavrin's Chronique d'Angleterre)
The tomb of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster in St. Paul's Cathedral, as represented in an etching of 1658 by Wenceslaus Hollar. The etching includes a number of inaccuracies, for example in not showing the couple with joined hands.
John with his first wife, Blanche of Lancaster, in a 15th-century family tree of his great-grandson, Henry VI
1640 drawing of tombs of Katherine Swynford and daughter Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland, in Lincoln Cathedral
Queen Mary I of England and her husband, Philip II of Spain: both were descended from John of Gaunt
Coat of arms of John of Gaunt asserting his kingship over Castile and León, showing the royal arms of Castile and León impaling his paternal arms (the royal arms of England), with his heraldic difference. *Later in his life the two sides were reversed.