Keystone species
A keystone species is a species which has a big effect on its environment relative to its numbers.[1][2] The ecosystem depends on them, and would be much changed if they were not there, such as krill. This is because they affect many other organisms in the ecosystem. They affect the types and numbers of other species in the community.
Some sea stars (e.g. Pisaster ochraceus) prey on sea urchins, mussels, and other shellfish that have no other natural predators. If the sea star is removed from the ecosystem, the mussel population explodes uncontrollably.[3] This drives out most other species. The urchin population grows likewise, and destroys coral reefs. Living coral reefs are the habitat for many hundreds of other species.
Some other examples of keystone species are the sea otter, horseshoe crab, and wolves. Sea otters and kelp depend on each other.[4] Without the sea otter, sea urchins would destroy the kelp, and much else in the ecosystem.
Keystone Species Media
The jaguar: a keystone, flagship, and *umbrella species, and an apex predator
Riparian willow recovery at Blacktail Creek, Yellowstone National Park, after reintroduction of wolves.
Acorn banksia, Banksia prionotes, is periodically the sole source of nectar for important pollinators, honeyeaters.
Prairie dog town. Drawing by Josiah Gregg, 1844
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References
- ↑ Paine R.T. 1995. A conversation on refining the concept of keystone species. Conservation Biology 9 (4): 962–964. [1]
- ↑ Davic, Robert D. (2003). "Linking keystone species and functional groups: a new operational definition of the keystone species concept". Conservation Ecology. Archived from the original on 2003-08-26. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
- ↑ Petes, Laura E. et al 2998. Effects of environmental stress on intertidal mussels and their sea star predators. Oecologia 156 (3) p. 672
- ↑ Cohn J.P. 1998. Understanding sea otters. BioScience 48, (3): 151–155. [2]