Knuckle-walk
Knuckle-walking is a way some land animals move. Knuckle-walking animals curl fingers or front toes like a fist and touch the ground using the bony part of the front foot, the knuckle. Gorillas, chimpanzees, anteaters and platypuses knuckle-walk.[1][2] In general, animals knuckle walk if their hands or front paws have special shapes for doing something very different from walking. Apes use their hands to hold food and use tools, so they have fingers. They curl up their fingers when they knuckle-walk. Anteaters use their front paws to dig for ants, so they curl up their digging claws when they knuckle-walk. Platypuses use their front paws to swim, so they curl up their webbed toes when they knuckle-walk.
Large anteaters that walk on the ground, for example the giant anteater, knuckle-walk. Smaller anteaters that live in trees do not.[2] Platypuses walk on their knuckles so that the webbing on their front feet will not get in the way.[3]
Gorillas from the genus Gorilla and chimpanzees from the genus Pan both walk on their knuckles but not in the same way. Chimpanzees spend more time in trees than gorillas do, so they turn their wrists in many different ways. Gorillas usually keep their wrists straight when they knuckle-walk.[4] Gorillas and chimpanzees knuckle-walk when they move on the ground because their bodies are adapted to move around in trees: their arms are longer than their legs, and their middles are cone-shaped.[1] The bones in their arms are good for knuckle-walking: the radius can lock into one of the bones in the wrist so the two bones together can hold the animal's weight. Human arm and wrist bones do not do this.[5]
Some fictional cavemen knuckle-walk or drag the knuckles of their long arms on the ground, but scientists do not agree on whether human beings evolved from ancestors who really knuckle-walked on the ground the way gorillas do. One team of scientists said humans evolved from a tree-living ancestor, like chimpanzees did, because of the way our wrist bones are.[4] Another team of scientists wrote that Australopithecus anamensis and Australopithecus afarensis, extinct relatives of humans, probably knuckle-walked.[6]
Knuckle-walk Media
A western lowland gorilla knuckle-walking.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Why aren't humans 'knuckle-walkers'?. The Daily. April 9, 2018. https://thedaily.case.edu/arent-humans-knuckle-walkers/. Retrieved July 7, 2020.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Caley M Orr (2005). "Knuckle-walking Anteater: A Convergence Test of Adaptation for Purported Knuckle-Walking Features of African Hominidae". Am J Phys Anthropol. 128 (3): 639–58. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20192. PMID 15861420. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
- ↑ F E Fish; P B Frappell; R V Baudinette; P M MacFarlane (2001). "Energetics of Terrestrial Locomotion of the Platypus Ornithorhynchus Anatinus". J Exp Biol. 204 (4): 797–803. doi:10.1242/jeb.204.4.797. hdl:2440/12192. PMID 11171362. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Tracy L. Kivell; Daniel Schmitt (August 25, 2009). "Independent evolution of knuckle-walking in African apes shows that humans did not evolve from a knuckle-walking ancestor". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. PNAS. 106 (34): 14241–14246. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10614241K. doi:10.1073/pnas.0901280106. PMC 2732797. PMID 19667206.
- ↑ Henry Gee (March 23, 2000). These fists were made for walking. Nature. https://www.nature.com/articles/news000323-7. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
- ↑ B G Richmond; D S Strait (March 23, 2002). "Evidence That Humans Evolved from a Knuckle-Walking Ancestor". Nature. 404 (6776): 382–385. doi:10.1038/35006045. PMID 10746723. S2CID 4303978. Retrieved July 8, 2020.