Manichaeism
Manichaeism (in Modern Persian آیین مانی Āyin e Māni) was a major Iranian universal dualistic monotheistic religion founded in the mid 3rd-century CE by the Parthian Jewish Christian prophet Mani and his followers. Originally, Manichaeism came from commoners in the Sassanid Empire. Most of the original writings of the founding prophet Mani (Syriac, ܡܐܢܝ, c. AD 210–276) have been lost, but many translations and fragmentary texts have survived. Manichaeism was big between the third and seventh centuries. At its height, it was one of the most widespread religions in the world. Manichaean churches and scriptures existed as far east as China and as far west as the Roman Empire. Manichaeism appears to have died out before the sixteenth century in southern China.
The original six sacred books of Manichaeism were written in Syriac. They were soon translated into other languages to help spread the religion. As they spread to the east, the Manichaean writings passed through Middle Persian, Parthian, Sogdian, and ultimately Uyghur and Chinese translations. As they spread to the west, they were translated into Greek, Coptic, and Latin. The spread and success of Manichaeism were seen as a threat to other religions, and it was widely persecuted in Christian, Zoroastrian, and later, Islamic areas.
Manichaeism Media
Yuan Chinese silk painting Mani's Birth
A 14th-century illustration of the execution of Mani
Sermon on Mani's Teaching of Salvation, 13th-century Chinese Manichaean silk painting
Manichaean Painting of the Buddha Jesus depicts Jesus Christ as a Manichaean prophet. The figure can be identified as a representation of Jesus Christ by the small gold cross that sits on the red lotus throne in His left hand.
10th century Manichaean Electae in Gaochang (Khocho), China
A map of the spread of Manichaeism (300–500). World History Atlas, Dorling Kindersly.
Augustine of Hippo was once a Manichaean.
A 13th-century manuscript from Augustine's book VII of Confessions criticizing Manichaeism
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