Mercator projection
The Mercator projection is a cylindrical map projection which is widely used in cartography today. It was developed by Gerardus Mercator in 1569. It is not a physical projection, and cannot be constructed using geometric tools. On a small scale, geometric shapes can be moved around the map, without distorting them (this property is known as conformity). As a downside, the scale of the shape and the direction of lines may change when shapes are moved. For example, Africa is actually 15 times larger than Greenland, but on this map projection they look the same size.
Today, Mercator projections are seldom used in [atlas]es or maritime charts but still used for online maps such as Google Maps.
Mercator Projection Media
Mercator projection of the world between 85°S and 85°N. Note the size comparison of Greenland and Africa.
The Mercator projection with Tissot's indicatrix of deformation.
Mercator 1569 world map (Nova et Aucta Orbis Terrae Descriptio ad Usum Navigantium Emendate Accommodata) showing latitudes 66°S to 80°N.
Rhumb lines on Mercator's 1541 globe
Comparison of tangent and secant forms of normal, oblique and transverse Mercator projections with standard parallels in red
Proportions of distorted and real size. Note that the map is multiply interrupted along political lines.
360° cylindrical projections: Equirectangular, Miller, Mercator, and true cylindrical.
Continuous transformation from a normal Mercator projection to a transverse Mercator, with a rhumb line (blue) and great-circle line (red) from Tokyo to Callao.
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Converting Cylindrical_Projection_basics2.svg to /var/www/html/w/images/temp/transform_b2ce37ca1bcd.png ... org.apache.batik.transcoder.TranscoderException: null Enclosed Exception: The current document is unable to create an element of the requested type (namespace: http://www.w3.org/2000/svg, name: flowRoot). at org.apache.batik.transcoder.XMLAbstractTranscoder.transcode(XMLAbstractTranscoder.java:134) at org.apache.batik.transcoder.SVGAbstractTranscoder.transcode(SVGAbstractTranscoder.java:158) at org.apache.batik.apps.rasterizer.SVGConverter.transcode(SVGConverter.java:1008) at org.apache.batik.apps.rasterizer.SVGConverter.execute(SVGConverter.java:719) at org.apache.batik.apps.rasterizer.Main.execute(Main.java:956) at org.apache.batik.apps.rasterizer.Main.main(Main.java:1009) Caused by: org.w3c.dom.DOMException: The current document is unable to create an element of the requested type (namespace: http://www.w3.org/2000/svg, name: flowRoot). at org.apache.batik.dom.AbstractNode.createDOMException(AbstractNode.java:408) at org.apache.batik.anim.dom.SVGDOMImplementation.createElementNS(SVGDOMImplementation.java:203) at org.apache.batik.anim.dom.SVGOMDocument.createElementNS(SVGOMDocument.java:373) at org.apache.batik.dom.util.SAXDocumentFactory.startElement(SAXDocumentFactory.java:651) at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.parsers.AbstractSAXParser.startElement(AbstractSAXParser.java:509) at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.impl.XMLNSDocumentScannerImpl.scanStartElement(XMLNSDocumentScannerImpl.java:374) at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.impl.XMLDocumentFragmentScannerImpl$FragmentContentDriver.next(XMLDocumentFragmentScannerImpl.java:2783) at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.impl.XMLDocumentScannerImpl.next(XMLDocumentScannerImpl.java:601) at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.impl.XMLNSDocumentScannerImpl.next(XMLNSDocumentScannerImpl.java:112) at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.impl.XMLDocumentFragmentScannerImpl.scanDocument(XMLDocumentFragmentScannerImpl.java:504) at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.parsers.XML11Configuration.parse(XML11Configuration.java:841) at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.parsers.XML11Configuration.parse(XML11Configuration.java:770) at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.parsers.XMLParser.parse(XMLParser.java:141) at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.parsers.AbstractSAXParser.parse(AbstractSAXParser.java:1213) at com.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.jaxp.SAXParserImpl$JAXPSAXParser.parse(SAXParserImpl.java:642) at org.apache.batik.dom.util.SAXDocumentFactory.createDocument(SAXDocumentFactory.java:453) at org.apache.batik.dom.util.SAXDocumentFactory.createDocument(SAXDocumentFactory.java:357) at org.apache.batik.anim.dom.SAXSVGDocumentFactory.createDocument(SAXSVGDocumentFactory.java:203) at org.apache.batik.anim.dom.SAXSVGDocumentFactory.createDocument(SAXSVGDocumentFactory.java:283) at org.apache.batik.transcoder.XMLAbstractTranscoder.transcode(XMLAbstractTranscoder.java:129) ... 5 more ... error (SVGConverter.error.while.rasterizing.file)
Cylindrical Projection basics2
