Myriapoda
The Myriapoda is a subphylum of arthropods. It contains the millipedes, centipedes, and others. The group has 13,000 species, all of which are terrestrial.[1] Their name suggests they have many legs. In fact one has over 750 legs (Illacme plenipes), but some have fewer than ten legs.[2]
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The fossil record of myriapods goes back into the late Silurian, though molecular evidence suggests they diversified in the Cambrian period.[3] Cambrian fossils do exist which look like myriapods.[1]
Structure
Myriapods have a single pair of antennae and, in most cases, simple eyes. The mouthparts lie on the underside of the head, . There is an "epistome" and labrum forming the upper lip, and a pair of maxillae forming the lower lip. A pair of mandibles lie inside the mouth. Myriapods breathe through spiracles that connect to a tracheal system similar to that of insects.
Classification
There has been much debate as to which arthropod group is most closely related to the Myriapoda.[4] Under the Mandibulata hypothesis, Myriapoda is the sister taxon to Pancrustacea, a group comprising the Crustacea and Hexapoda. Under the Atelocerata hypothesis, Hexapoda is the closest, whereas under the Paradoxopoda hypothesis, Chelicerata is the closest. This last hypothesis, although supported by few morphological characters, is supported by a number of molecular studies.[5]
There are four classes of living myriapods, Chilopoda (centipedes), Diplopoda (millipedes), Pauropoda and Symphyla. There is a total of around 12,000 living species.[6] While each of these groups of myriapods is believed to be monophyletic, relationships among them are less certain.[7]
Centipedes
Centipedes make up the class Chilopoda. They are fast, predatory and venomous, hunting mostly at night. There are around 3,300 species,[6] ranging from the diminutive Nannarup hoffmani (less than half an inch in length, c. 12 mm)[8] to the giant Scolopendra gigantea, which may exceed 30 centimetres (12 in).
Millipedes
Millipedes are the class Diplopoda, where most segments appear to have two pairs of legs. This happened because each pair of body segments fused (joined) into a single unit, which gives them the appearance of having two pairs of legs per segment.
They are slower than centipedes, and feed on leaf litter and detritus. Around 8,000 species have been described, which may represent less than a tenth of the true global millipede diversity.[6] One species, Illacme plenipes has the greatest number of legs of any animal, with 750.[2] Millipedes typically have between 36 and 400 legs. Pill millipedes are much shorter, and are capable of rolling up into a ball, like pillbugs.
Symphyla
About 200 species of symphylans are known worldwide.[6] They resemble centipedes but are smaller and translucent. Many spend their lives as soil infauna, but some live arboreally. Juveniles have six pairs of legs, but, over a lifetime of several years, add an additional pair at each moult so that the adult instar has twelve pairs of legs.[9]
Pauropoda
Pauropoda is another small group of small myriapods. They are typically 0.5–2.0 mm long and live in the soil on all continents except Antarctica.[10] Over 700 species have been described.[6] They are believed to be the sister group to millipedes, and have the dorsal tergites fused across pairs of segments, similar to the more complete fusion of segments seen in millipedes.[11]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ben Waggoner (1996). "Introduction to the Myriapoda". University of California, Berkeley.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Paul E. Marek & Jason E. Bond (2006). "Biodiversity hotspots: rediscovery of the world's leggiest animal". Nature. 441 (7094): 707. Bibcode:2006Natur.441..707M. doi:10.1038/441707a. PMID 16760967. S2CID 4398951.
- ↑ Markus Friedrich & Diethard Tautz (2002). "Ribosomal DNA phylogeny of the major extant arthropod classes and the evolution of myriapods". Nature. 376 (6536): 165–167. Bibcode:1995Natur.376..165F. doi:10.1038/376165a0. PMID 7603566. S2CID 4270910.
- ↑ Gregory D. Edgecombe (2004). "Morphological data, extant Myriapoda, and the myriapod stem-group". Contributions to Zoology. 73 (3): 207–252. doi:10.1163/18759866-07303002. Archived from the original on 2012-01-18. Retrieved 2011-10-18.
- ↑ Alexandre Hassanin (2006). "Phylogeny of Arthropoda inferred from mitochondrial sequences: strategies for limiting the misleading effects of multiple changes in pattern and rates of substitution". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 38 (1): 100–116. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.09.012. PMID 16290034.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Chapman A.D. (2005). Numbers of living species in Australia and the World (PDF). Department of the Environment and Heritage. p. 23. ISBN 0-642-56850-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 October 2007. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
- ↑ Jerome C. Regier, Heather M. Wilson & Jeffrey W. Shultz (2005). "Phylogenetic analysis of Myriapoda using three nuclear protein-coding genes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 34 (1): 147–158. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.09.005. PMID 15579388.
- ↑ Central Park survey finds new centipede. American Museum of Natural History. 2003. http://cbc.amnh.org/center/atthecbc/centi/centi.html.[dead link]
- ↑ "Garden Symphylans". Integrated Pest Management on Peppermint-IPMP3.0. Oregon State University. Archived from the original on August 3, 2007. Retrieved July 2, 2007.
- ↑ "Pauropods: Pauropoda". Insects and Spiders Scientific Reference. Retrieved July 2, 2007.
- ↑ David Kendall (2005). "Pauropods & Symphylids". Kendall Bioresearch.