Norovirus
Norovirus (or winter vomiting disease) is a common cause of gastroenteritis.[1][6]
| Norovirus | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Winter vomiting bug,[1] stomach bug |
 | |
| Transmission electron microscope image of Norwalk virus. The white bar = 50 nm | |
| Symptoms | Diarrhea, vomiting, stomach pain, headache[2] |
| Complications | Dehydration[2] |
| Usual onset | 12 to 48 hours after exposure[2] |
| Duration | 1 to 3 days[2] |
| Causes | Norovirus[3] |
| Diagnostic method | Based on symptoms[3] |
| Prevention | Hand washing, disinfection of contaminated surfaces[4] |
| Treatment | Supportive care (drinking sufficient fluids or intravenous fluids)[5] |
| Frequency | 685 million cases per year[6] |
| Deaths | 200,000 per year[6][7] |
It causes non-bloody diarrhea (enteritis), vomiting, and stomach pain.[2] Drinking lots of water is recommended[2] to replace fluids lost from diarrhea and vomiting.
Risk factors include unsanitary food preparation.[3] Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms.[3]
Wash hands often and properly. Disinfect contaminated surfaces.[4] There is no vaccine or specific treatment for norovirus.[4][5]
Norovirus results in about 685 million cases of disease and 200,000 deaths globally a year.[6][7] It is common.[3][8]
Those under the age of five are most often affected, and in this group it results in about 50,000 deaths in the developing world.[6] Norovirus infections occur more commonly during winter months.[6] It often occurs in outbreaks, especially among those living in close quarters.[3] In the United States, it is the cause of about half of all foodborne disease outbreaks.[3] The virus is named after the city of Norwalk, Ohio, US where an outbreak occurred in 1968.[9][10]
The virus had reported cases since 2022 in the United Kingdom due to COVID-19 pandemic, In 2024 the norovirus began spiking across in the United States.
Norovirus Media
X-ray crystallographic structure of the Norwalk virus capsid
Annual Trend in Reports of Norovirus Infection in England and Wales (2000–2011). Source: HPA
Laboratory reports of norovirus infections in England and Wales 2000–2012. Source: HPA, NB Testing methods changed in 2007.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Norovirus (vomiting bug). nhs.uk (2017-10-19). Retrieved 8 June 2018.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Norovirus Symptoms (in en-us). CDC (24 June 2016). Retrieved 29 December 2017.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Brunette, Gary W.. CDC Yellow Book 2018: Health Information for International Travel (2017)Oxford University Press. p. 269. ISBN 9780190628611. Retrieved 2020-09-05.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Preventing Norovirus Infection (in en-us). CDC (5 May 2017). Retrieved 29 December 2017.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Norovirus – TreatmentCDC. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Norovirus Worldwide (in en-us). CDC (15 December 2017). Retrieved 29 December 2017.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Global Burden of Norovirus and Prospects for Vaccine Development. CDC (August 2015). p. 3. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
- ↑ A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of norovirus in cases of gastroenteritis in developing countries. Medicine 96 (40) (October 2017). p. e8139. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000008139.
- ↑ Norwalk virus – Off and running. The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 14 (1) (January 2003). p. 11–3. doi:10.1155/2003/702517.
- ↑ Dance, Amber. Norovirus: The Perfect Pathogen. Knowable Magazine (2017-11-09). doi:10.1146/knowable-111017-093400. Retrieved 2018-05-15.